Purposive Communication

EDUARDO C. MIRA, Ph.D.

Instructor / Student Publication Adviser
Jose Rizal Memorial State University
Dipolog City
 COMMUNICATION: SIMPLE?

It is a mistake to believe that COMMUNICATION IS A SIMPLE

PROCESS. Although people communicate with one another every day,
the real question is whether the ideas one has expressed are truly
understood by another. Communication breakdown in every part of
the globe, and these have led to a plethora of problems. Effective
communication can break peace, spark revolutions, and effect change
in government. However, to communicate properly, one cannot
simply strive to express oneself and leave understanding to fate;
one must also learn how to organize one’s thoughts, control one’s
emotions, use one’s words to articulate concepts and arguments,
and express oneself in the best way possible.
In language…
COMMUNICATION is the process of exchanging of thoughts, ideas,
concept, and views between or among two or more people interacting
each other.
LANGUAGE, as a human capacity, consists of a system of rules
(grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon)
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION is the process in which people acquire the
language while growing up in a community.
MOTHER TONGUE OR FIRST LANGUAGE is the language which
people acquire while growing up.
SECOND LANGUAGES is learning a second language after a first
language is already established. It is also a language used aside from
the mother tongue which is needed for various reasons.
LANGUAGE LEARNING is the process which people learn their
second language formally in school / informally on their own.
LANGUAGE CONTACT is the result of such contact may be a new form
of language. It also occurs when speakers of two or more languages or
varieties interact and influence each other. The study of language contact
is called contact linguistics.
LANGUAGE CHANGE is a natural behavior of all languages resulting
from their interaction of people from other people. It is the phenomenon
by which permanent alterations are made in the features and the use of a
language over time. All natural languages change, and language change
affects all areas of language use. Types of language change include
sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic
changes.
 Example:
If you listen carefully, you can hear language change in progress. For
example, anymore is a word that used to only occur in negative sentences,
such as I don't eat pizza anymore. Now, in many areas of the country, it's
being used in positive sentences, like I've been eating a lot of pizza
anymore.
Types of communication according to mode
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION is any communication that uses language
to convey meaning. It can include oral communication, such as speaking
to another person over the telephone, face-to-face discussions,
interviews, debates, presentations and so on. It can also include written
communication, such as letters and emails.

2. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION is the transfer of information

through body language, facial expressions, gestures, created space and
more. For example, smiling when you meet someone conveys
friendliness, acceptance and openness.

3. VISUAL COMMUNICATION is the practice of using visual elements to

communicate information or ideas. Types of visual communication
include animated GIFs, screenshots, videos, pie charts, infographics, and
slide deck presentations.
TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION. This is extremely private and
restricted to ourselves which included silent conversation wherein we juggler
roles between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and
actions. This process of communication when analyzed can either be conveyed
verbally to someone or stay confined as thoughts.
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION. This will take place two individuals
with one-on-one conversation. The two individuals involved will swap their
roles of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.
3. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION. This type of communication can take
place only when there are more than two people involved. The number of
people will be small enough to allow each participants to interact and converse
with the rest like press conferences, board meetings, and team meetings.
4. PUBLIC COMMUNICATON. This type of communication will take place
when one individual addresses a large gathering of people like election
campaigns, and public speeches.
Types of communication according to context
1. CONTEXT, consists of people interacting with each other, is the setting
and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can
have an impact on the successful exchange of information. It may have a
physical, social, or cultural aspect to it

2. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (intra-within) is communication with

oneself. There are many other names for the same concept – self-talk,
internal monologue, inner speech, inner experience, and internal discourse .
3. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (inter means between, among, and
together) is the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings
between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods. It often
includes face-to-face
3. exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial
expressions, body language and gestures.
4. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION REFERS to the communication
between people from two different cultures and backgrounds in terms of
linguistics, religion ethnicity, society and professionalism as they create
shared meanings.
PRINCIPLES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. Language has rules
Language is a code, a collection of symbols, letters, or words with
arbitrary meanings that are arranged according to the rules of syntax
and are used to communicate.
 Syntactic rules govern the order of words in a sentence
 Semantic rules govern the meaning of words and how to interpret them
 Contextual rules govern meaning and word choice according to context
and social custom.
2. Our reality is shaped by our language
 Language not only describes the world around us, but it also serves to
create our reality.
3. Language is Arbitrary and Symbolic
2 type of word meanings
 Denotative is the common meaning often found in the dictionary.
 Connotative is basically not found in the dictionary but in the community
of users itself. It can evolve an emotional association with a word, positive
or negative, and can be individual or collective, but is not universal.
Ways to become effective Intercultural communicators
1. Understanding a what a culture it
2. Identifying how cultures differ from one another
3. Realizing how those differences influence communication
• CULTURE is the system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms that
guide what is considered appropriate.
Types of communication according to purpose and style
A. FORMAL COMMUNICATION refers to the flow of official information
through proper, predefined channels and routes. The flow of information is
controlled and needs deliberate effort to be properly communicated. 
B. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION does not employ formal language which
includes sharing of information, establishing personal contacts, making
friendship, influencing and motivating others, resolving conflicts,
supplementing official channels, getting relaxation, searching escape from
monotony of work, etc.
 COMMUNICATION PROCESS 7 ELEMENTS
1. SENDER. This refers to the person who is trying to communicate a
message. He or she wants the other person to receive and understand his/her
message. The intent of the message is usually to get the other person(s) to
do or understand something.
2. RECEIVER. This refers to the recipient of the message and must
translate the words into thoughts, process the thoughts, and determine how
to respond to the sender. The challenge is that since the receiver’s education
and experience may be very different from the sender, words often have
different meanings.
3. MESSAGE. This refers to what is said is not nearly as communicative as
body language and voice inflection. Even when no words are spoken,
communication is taking place. Consequently, it makes sense to pay
attention to body language and voice inflection. This takes more than casual
watching and listening. It takes our full attention to be most effective.
4. CHANNEL. This refers to medium used by the sender to send the
message to the receiver. This may be in-person, via telephone, e-mail, text
message, or a written correspondence.
5. NOISE. This refers to interference that takes place during the
communication process. Both the sender and receiver may be distracted by
noise. Noise may come from internal (thoughts, emotions, etc.) or external
sources (radios, other conversations, etc.). When encountering a noise, take
steps to reduce the distraction
6. FEEDBACK. This refers as the process of determining if the message
has been properly received which can be initiated by the sender or receiver.
The sender may ask the receiver to repeat the message to confirm that the
message was received as intended. On the other hand, a good listener will
provide feedback to confirm that he/she correctly received the message.
7. CONTEXT. This refers as another way of taking into consideration the
setting. Examples of context include:
*What is the environment like? Is it noisy? Are there customers standing around?
 COMMUNICATION MODELS
1. Aristotle's Model. This model was developed some 2000 years ago. Aristotle (the
Greek philosopher) includes in this model the five necessary factors of communication:
Speaker, Speech/message, Audience, Effect and Occasion. Aristotle suggests that the
speaker should construct a speech for separate audiences on separate instance for
separate purpose. This model is applied in public speaking.
 

2. LASSWELL'S MODEL (1948). It states that for mass communication process to be

understood, each of the phases has to be understood. This model elaborates on the
effect instead of the message itself. Effect implies observable change in the receiver. It
also proposes that any change in the elements will change the effect.
3. SHANNON AND WEAVER'S MODEL (1949): It is also termed as the engineering
model of communication is an exemplary of the process school of thought. It is also
known as the mathematical theory of communication as it gives a technique to the
problem of how to convey maximum information in a given channel. It proposed the
noise concept. As engineers during World War II, Shannon and Weaver's main
challenge was in finding out the most efficient human communication means.
Newcomb's Model- 1953. This is the premier of the models to propose the function of
communication in a society. The main function in accordance with Newcomb is to
sustain equilibrium in a society.

Wilbur Schramm – Osgood’s Model: Schramm continued from a simple human

communication model to a more complex model that justified the total experiences of
two people trying to engage in communication and then to a model that considered
human communication with interaction between two people. In his second model,
Schramm suggests the idea that only what is shared in the aspects of experience of
both source and destination is actually communicated, because only that size of the
signal is common to both of them. The third model views communication as an
interactive process where both the receiver and the sender act as encoder, interpreter,
transmitter and receiver of signals.
Eugene Whites’ Model. This model explains that is it possible to begin at any stages
outlined in his model. People are under the mistaken impression that when we
communicate, we usually start thinking, but that is not necessarily the case. Since it is a
circular model, it means that oral communication is a continuous process with no real
beginning or end.
Communication Ethics
ETHICS is the study of values morals,, of what is right and wrong.

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
 It enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness,
responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others. We
believe that unethical communication threatens the quality of al
communication and consequently the well-being of individuals and the
society in which we live (Santos, M. L. & Uychoco, M. T., 2018).
 It is fundamental to thoughtful decision making and responsible thinking.
 It is about developing and nurturing relationships and building
communities with and across context, cultures, and channels and media.
 It is accepting responsibilities for the message you convey to others and
the short term to long term consequences of your communication.

Reminder: Everytime we communicate, we should consider the

consequences of our actions.
Communication Ethics
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION

BENEFICENCE To promote good

NONMALEFICENCE To do not harm

AUTONOMY To respect for others

VERACITY To achieve honesty

JUSTICE To create fairness

CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
1. HONESTY - Encourages free flows of ideas
2. CONFIDENTIALITY – protecting the privacy
3. COURTESY – sensitivity to cultural values
4. RESPECTFUL – values others as an integral pre-requisite
5. CREDIT – to acknowledge one’s work

Accurate Information False Information

Timely Misleading
Up to date Obscure truth
Applicable to situation Intended to deceive
Globalization
GLOBALIZATION is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the
world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in
goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to
increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village.
Both globalization and global communication have changed the environmental,
cultural, political and economic elements of the world (Ahmed, 2018). Because of the
advent of the internet, the world seems to be shrinking continually. One can
communicate internationally in a matter of seconds, whether one is sending an email,
chatting in social media, or sending a text message (Santos & Uychoco, 2018).

The importance of communication in globalization is

paramount because individuals from different countries,
ethnicities, languages, cultural attitudes and other variations
must understand one another and express themselves to
another effectively in order to work together.
WORLD ENGLISHES
World English VS World Englishes
WORLD ENGLISH refers to the English language as a lingua franca used in
business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity, while WORLD
ENGLISHES refers to the different varieties of English and English-based creoles
developed in different regions of the world.
In World Englishes...
• It is used to describe all the different varieties of English that exist
worldwide. As English travels around the world, it changes and develops in
many different ways to fulfil people's needs.
 All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to the communication
needs of its speakers .
 Some varieties, however, are more prestigious than others because of
social attitudes about the speakers of these varieties.
 The idea, in writing, is to adhere to the Standard English of one’s country
because of each variety,. Including those of the US and UK, has its won
peculiar or individual features.
Examples of World Englishes (British English, American English, Australian English,
Indian English, Nigerian English, Singapore English (Singlish).
Public Speaking and Reports in the Information Age
PUBLIC SPEAKING is a presentation given, live before a crowd of people. It can
cover a wide range of topics. The objective of the speech might be to instruct, influence,
engage, educate, or entertain the listeners. Importance of public speaking comes in
handy at every important event of our lives.
7 P’s IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
1. PRONUNCIATION within this framework is best thought of as clear enunciation;
that is, using the muscles to produce clear and easily distinguishable sounds
2. PACE refers to speaking rate. It goes without saying that communication will be
facilitated by a speaking rate that allows the listener to capture, decode, and process
the input.
3. Speakers use PAUSE to divide the speech stream into chunks referred to as thought
groups or tone units
4. PUNCH is used to refer to stress and/or prominence at both the lexical and phrasal
levels.
*POWER *PASSION *POSTURE
PUBLIC SPEAKING PLATFORMS such TED talks and Youtube have
captured and disseminated public speech to an unprecedented scale and what one
says at the sour of the moment can live forever on the internet. Great speeches
have created hope in perilous situations, and have made people change their
minds about the world and their places in it. 
General Definition:
PUBLIC SPEAKING (also called oratory or oration) is the process or act of
performing a speech to a live audience. Public speaking is commonly
understood as formal, face-to-face, speaking of a single person to a group of
listeners.
Historically, public speaking was developed in Rome and Greece. Prominent
thinkers from these lands influenced the development and evolutionary history
of public speaking. Currently, technology continues to transform the art of
public speaking through newly available technology such as videoconferencing,
multimedia presentations, and other non-traditional forms.

Public speaking can serve the purpose of transmitting information, telling a

story, motivating people to act or encouraging people.
SOPHISTS, SOCRATES, PLATO AND ARISTOTLE developed their own
theories of public speaking and taught these principles to students who wanted
to learn skills in rhetoric. Plato and Aristotle taught these principles in schools
that they founded, The Academy and The Lyceum, respectively. Although
Greece eventually lost political sovereignty, the Greek culture of training in
public speaking was adopted almost identically by the Romans (Santos &
Uychoco, 2018).

In the political rise of the Roman Republic, Roman orators copied and
modified the ancient Greek techniques of public speaking. Instruction in
rhetoric developed into a full curriculum, including instruction in grammar
(study of the poets), preliminary exercises (progymnasmata), and preparation of
public speeches (declamation) in both forensic and deliberative genres.
The Latin style of rhetoric was heavily influenced by Cicero and involved a
strong emphasis on a broad education in all areas of humanistic study in the
liberal arts, including philosophy. Other areas of study included the use of wit
and humor, the appeal to the listener's emotions, and the use of digressions.
11 WAYS ON HOW TO BECOME A GREATEST
PUBLIC SPEAKER.
1. Have a special message to deliver to the
audience
2. Know the target audience
3. Work on your public speaking skills
4. Know the types of speakers / speeches
5. Build your public image
6. Be flexible
7. Write about what you speak about
8. Learn form the best in the business
9. Practice, practice, practice!
10. Keep updated on the latest issues and
topics
11. Read, read, read!
Tools Needed in Critical / Creative Reports
Best Practices of Public Speaking
1. Introduction. What makes a speech so effective that it can make the audience
have goosebumps or make them flush in rage or joy? Great speakers have been
called hypnotic, magnetic, and charismatic, and this is not just because they have a
compelling message, but because of the captivating manner they deliver these
speeches, as well. 
2. Performance. Speeches are performances, and they are delivered best when
they have the feel of authenticity and earnestness. People respond when they
think that one speaking is being honest and sincere.
3. Plan the Speech. It is vital to express oneself in an expensive and
articulate manner. It is best to choose one’s words carefully, and to
ensure that one’s speech builds on its foundation.
4. Eye Contact. One way of coming across as authentic is the
ability to make good eye contact with the audience, and to speak in
a manner that touches them.
5. Speaking Style. Different people have different speaking styles and one can only
find one’s personal style through constant practice. Some people seems to be more
effective when they come across as calm, trustworthy, and reasonable, and their hand
gestures seem more open and thoughtful.

6. Hand Gestures. Whatever kind of speaker one may be, it is always best to
be more purposeful when it comes to choosing hand gestures. Hand gestures
can create as much of an impact as the content of the speech itself.

7. Recording the Speech for Feedback. One of the best practices of

public speaking is to videotape speakers and have theses speakers watch
themselves. It might surprise them that they use hand gestures or
mannerisms that distract from or lessen the impact of their speeches.

9. Appearance. When it comes to appearance, it is vital to look

credible and worthy of respect. In the real world, this depends a
lot on one’s audience, as they way one’s dresses should match the
kind of audience one wants to impress.  
10. Clothing. Traditional audiences often call for more formal clothing. For men,
this would mean donning a suit and tie at the most formal level, or at the very least,
the use of long-sleeved button-down skirts, slacks, and leather shoes. In the
Philippines, the use of barong and slacks is acceptable. For the women, a pantsuit or
a formal coat and skirt ensemble should suffice. In less formal instances, a dress or
blouse and skirt (or slacks) outfit should do as well.
11. Good Grooming. In addition, good grooming is a must, and that extends
to one’s hair to one’s nails. As long as one looks neat and clean, that should
be enough to satisfy most audience’s requirements. Some audiences,
however, may require women to wear more (or less) make-up, don a hijab, or
wear high heels- in these instances, it is always best to know the cultural
expectations of the audience and the venue.  

12. Visual Aids. Since we live in a world that is more dependent on

information technology, it has become de riqueur for audiences to
expect speeches to be accompanied with visual aids, such PowerPoint
presentations, video or audio clips, and infographics.
13. Handouts. It would be best to have handouts ready for one’s audience so that
members of the audience will not have to scramble when taking notes during the
presentation

14. Feedback. Although the speech is a performance, it is also one where

its audience can participate, often by the speaker asking rhetorical or
directing actual questions to the audience. It is always good to read the
verbal and non-verbal cues from the audience, such as whether they agree
with what one is saying or whether they are insisting to certain ideas
mirrored by their use of body language. 

 15. Conclusion. In the end, public speaking is a dynamic

performance that is meant to disseminate information, create
greater awareness and evoke emotions in the audience (Santos &
Uychoco, 2018). 
TED Talks and Critical / Creative Thinking in Today’s Society
A TED talk is a recorded public-speaking presentation that was originally
given at the main TED (technology, entertainment and design) annual event or
one of its many satellite events around the world. TED is a non-profit devoted
to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks, often called
"TED talks.“

What is the purpose of TED Talks?

  The purpose of TED Talks is told in its motto itself. Its motto is: "Ideas worth
spreading". Therefore, its purpose is to spread ideas and inspire and motivate its
audience. TED talks are held on various disciplines like science, education,
history, environmental issues, productivity tips, business, technology, etc.
  A RESEARCH PAPER OR DOCUMENTED ESSAY is a piece of writing
in which you incorporate information—facts, arguments, opinions—taken from
the writings of authorities in a particular field. Sometimes a research paper is no
more than a report of current thinking in a field, but more often a research paper
demonstrates a thesis of your own, relying on outside (secondary) sources for
development and support of the thesis.

It consists of an introduction with an explicitly stated central argument or

thesis, there or more supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, citing
sources should be done to avoid plagiarism.
CRITICAL THINKING is the ability to think clearly and rationally,
understanding the logical connection between ideas. Critical thinking has been
the subject of much debate and thought since the time of early Greek
philosophers such as Plato and Socrates and has continued to be a subject of
discussion into the modern age, for example the ability to recognize fake news.
THREE STAGES OF THE WRITING PROCESS
A. The Pre-Writing Stage of the Writing Process
  Choosing a topic
The pre-writing stage is defined as “everything that takes place before
the first craft” (Murray, 19720). It begins with brainstorming exercises
and preliminary research to select a topic.
Composing a thesis statement
 
Coming up with a research question is vital for the next step,
composing a thesis statement. This is the explicit statement of what
will be the paper’s central idea, point, or argument, that is - - - the
main assertion that will supported by the entire essay.
This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary
of the argument you'll make in the rest of your paper .
Preparing a writing outline

OUTLINE is a skeleton or framework that contains three

sections: the introduction, the development, and the conclusion.

In the academic paper, the introduction consists of the

interesting opening to draw the reader into the subject,
background information of the topic, and a statement of the
paper’s thesis (Uychoco & Santos, 2018).

In terms of development, the researcher will expound everything

to clarify the information about your topic. This section explains
how to go about the topic and is gaps.

For the conclusion, it contains a summary of the essay which

can be in a form of recommendation, suggestions, or reiteration of
the main idea.
WRITING AN ACADEMIC ESSAY means adding one’s voice to the
conversation of other writers and scholars (Uychoco & Santos, 2018). With
this, a writer must first do research and grater essential information from a
wide variety of sources available.
CITING SOURCES matters most; thus, we have to write the name of the
author if we will copy the works of others to avoid plagiarism.

B. The Writing Stage of the Writing Process

  When there is a solid plan and there are adequate notes from sources for the
essay, he students may move to the second stage of the writing process. This is
writing, or “the act of producing a first draft,” which Murray (1972) as cited by
Uychoco & Santos (2018) says is the “fastest” p[art of the writing process, taking
up a little as 1 % of the writer’s time.
In this stage, you need to brainstorm and collect all the necessary data as you
will fill out everything from the start up to the last shot of your essay
Rewriting Stage of the Writing Process

This third stage involves “researching, rethinking, redesigning, and

rewriting – and finally, line-by-line editing, the demanding, satisfying process
of making every word” (Murray (1972) as cited by Uychoco & Santos (2018).
In this stage, the writer reviews the paper the paper to see how it may be
improved, asking such questions as:
• Is the title appropriate and effective?
• Is the first paragraph interesting and compelling? Is it related to the
topic?
• Does the introduction include a clearly stated main idea?
• Does each paragraph support the essay’s main idea?
• What needs to be added, omitted, or reorganized?
• What should be edited in terms of grammar and mechanics?
• How all sources been properly acknowledged via “|in-text citation and
a bibliographic list?

* The writer should take it closely and seriously to achieve an effective output
and of course, expect some comments and feedbacks from the reader.
CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

CONCEPT is an idea, notion, or thought that may also refer to a perception,

conception, or impression of something.
Writing a documented essay about a concept will help a writer think
beyond surface definitions and explore the larger cultural significance of
a term or expression, the larger meaning behind a practice, belief,
attitude, or even an icon.
CORPORATE CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
CORPORATE CULTURE is to the total sum of values, customs,
traditions, and meanings that make a company unique (Mantana and
Bruce (2008).
PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION is a specialty subfield of
communication that pays close attention to the theories and practice of
communication within professional contexts. Reports, proposals,
emails, letters, and memos are examples of written communication in a
professional setting.
Purposes of Professional Communication
- To get something done with or within an organization (Pfeiffer (2013);
- To inform, which includes providing good and bad news; instruct; request;
- To record important workplace information;
- To give or to ask for information from people within a company via
memos or outside the company via business letters.
- To persuade readers to take actions (pay a fee, buy something, accept
changes, give someone a job, and among others); and
- To build an individual’s or company’s positive image to establish rapport
and essentially to build goodwill.

Audience of Professionals
 Professional writing targets a specific audience, sometimes one
reader, and sometimes multiple readers.
Purpose: Consider the level of knowledge of the single reader or of the audience.
 The audience may be A HOMOGENEOUS one; “a discourse
community” with the same level of technical knowledge; “group of
people who share assumptions about what channels, formats, and
styles to use for communication, what topics to discuss, and how to
discuss them and what constitutes evidence” (Locker and Kienzler,
2013).
When the audience is not homogeneous, or consists of members
with differing technical backgrounds, the writer should aim for action
or word choices that will be understood by everyone.

The Style of Professional Writing

Effective professional writing is reader-centered, emphasizes the positive,
and uses bias-free language.

Purpose: To build goodwill

 ASPECTS OF A PROFESSIONAL STYLE OF WRITING

1. Adopting a professional style means adopting a reader

perspective in writing, the YOU – ATTITUDE. This aspect
emphasizes what the reader wants to know, respecting the
reader’s intelligence, and protecting the reader’s ego.

2. It emphasizes on the positive side in order to build positive image

and goodwill. All information should be stated positively, which
means that there is a focus on what the reader can do rather
than what the writer will not or cannot let the reader do.

3. It is use of bias-free language. It is unprofessional and in every

bad form to use language that shows a bias against certain
people or groups of people.
 BIASED BIAS- FREE
chairman chairperson
saleswoman sales representative / staff
stewardess flight attendant
fireman firefighter
woman lawyer lawyer
woman doctor doctor
lady president president
male nurse nurse
manpower labor force / personnel
mankind humankind
man hours hours / worker hours
manning staffing
policeman police authorities
 Professional Language
Professional documents require language that i s not appropriate to
the workplace setting: polite, professional rather than overly
personal, and grammatically accurate. As such, professional
language is intended to simplify communication between peer.
Important points of professional language
1. Polite language is essential in a context wherein there are power
asymmetries.
2. Both personal matters and overly friendly language should not
appear in workplace correspondence.
3. It should go without saying that professional writing should
exhibit grammatical accuracy in the use of Standard English.
4. Professional writing can be made clear and direct by the
avoidance of what is called “business jargon.”
5. Emojis or emoticons and shortcuts that are commonly used in
text messages and electronic communication have no place in
professional writing.
 Design Principles in Professional Writing

1. Good design elements are tied to the purpose of professional

writing; not only to persuade readers to take action on something;
but it is also to record information clearly so that when it is read or
revisited, the key points will be easy to see.
2. The use of negative space or white space should be considered
since proper arrangement of context is necessary. This means that
the order of the paragraphs and the layouting of the content matter
most.

Effective Intercultural Communication

Directness Versus Circumlocution
DIRECTNESS is the quality of being straightforward and concise: stating a
main point early and clearly without embellishments or digressions.

CIRCUMLOCTION is a way of saying or writing something using more words

than are necessary instead of being clear and direct.
Friendly Language Versus Respectful Language
A PERSONAL LANGUAGE may be invented for the purpose of having a
beautiful language, for self-expression, as an exercise in understanding
linguistic principles, or perhaps as an attempt to create a language with an
extreme phonemic inventory or system of verbs.
A RESPECTFUL LANGUAGE is that you think twice before you say or write
something in order not to hurt someone. Furthermore, this language shows
attention, uses descriptive words and is problem-oriented.

JOB APPLICATION PROCESS

Cover Letter and Resume

COVER LETTER is a letter you write to a prospective employer to

persuade him / her to give you a job (Arinto, 2009). It literally covers or
goes on top of the application resume. It is just one-page long, with a
message conveyed in about three to five paragraphs. It is formatted like a
business letter. It will be printed on short, 8.5 x 11-inch bond paper, white in
color.
In the cover letter, observe the following:
1. The date and inside address should be provided including the
contact persons’ name and position as well as the company’s
name and address.
2. Present your qualifications with specific and concrete details as
well as your purpose what you are applying on the said position.

Resume

RESUME is a formal document that a job applicant creates to itemize

their qualifications for a position. It is usually accompanied by a
customized cover letter in which the applicant expresses an interest in a
specific job or company and draws attention to the most relevant
specifics on the resume.
 TYPES OF RESUME
1. CHRONOLOGICAL RESUME is the traditional and most accepted resume
format. Items are listed in reverse chronological order, with the most recent work or
schooling first, names, dates, and places of employment are listed ,and education and
work experience are grouped separately.
2. FUNCTIONAL RESUME focuses on skills and talents developed by the applicant
and does not emphasize job titles, employer names, and dates. This is used when there
are gaps in the writer’s work or study history , when such experience are not that
relevant to the position for which he or she is applying.
3. CHRONO-FUNCTIONAL RESUME is a combination of the two types. It
chronologically lists job history and education but also allows the applicant to
highlight certain marketable qualifications. This is used by fresh graduates who have
some job experiences and by those who are returning to work or are changing careers.

REMINDER: An effective resume should look good with effective use

of white space, and other type face features (e.g.; fon’t size, bold).
 JOB INTERVIEW
 JOB INTERVIEW is a conversation which occurs between a potential employer and
a job applicant. During the job interview, the employer has the opportunity to appraise
applicant's qualifications, appearance and general fitness for the job opening.
Types of interviews
1. The TRADITIONAL ONE-ON-ONE INTERVIEW – The candidate is interviewed by one
person.
2. The PANEL INTERVIEW – The candidate is interview by a group or panel.
3. The GROUP INTERVIEW – The candidate is interviewed along with fellow
candidates.
4. The STRESS INTERVIEW – The candidate is asked a series of difficult and
intimidating questions to see how he or she handles stress.

It is the best to find out ahead of time which type of interview to expect
and to prepare appropriately for this kind of interview. It is normal to be
nervous, but there are way of reducing this interview fear like to be well-
prepared for the interview.
 TIPS FOR PREPARING FOR A JOB INTERVIEW

Before the interview

1. Have the right mindset. Remember the primal goal of the interviewer.
2. Research by gathering information about the company you are applying.
3. Know the typical questions asked.
4. Know what questions are illegal.
5. Prepared your own questions.

During the interview

1. Arrive early and present yourself well.
2. Smile, make frequent eye contact, and control your body movements.
3. Be clear.
4. Wait for the interview to officially signal the end of the interviewer.
After the interview
1. Express yourself by saying thank you, sir / Ma’am.
2. Then, take a graceful exit with a smile.
Speaking in Private and Public Institutions
Importance of Persuasive Speech
Persuasive speech is a speech that is given with the intention of
convincing the audience to believe or do something.
The Basics of Argumentation
An ARGUMENT is composed of three features: assumption, evidence
and explanation. If any one of the three features are missing, these are
not considered arguments. In the case of assumption without evidence,
the are merely opinions. In the case of evidence without assertions,
these are simply basic facts that need further contextualization.

Features
1. ASSUMPTION. It is an opinion that needs evidence to back it up.
Hence, saying that the world is round is not an assumption., it is fact. It is
not an opinion that asks for evidence because it has already been proven
and is considered to be true by all accounts.
2. EVIDENCE. It can be any of the following: concrete facts and figures; a
philosophical ideology agreed upon to be true by everyone; and anecdotal
evidence. The strongest bodies of evidence are based on facts and
figures, and it is important to that they are true and come from reliable
sources
3. EXPLANATION. It tells the audience why the evidence supports the
assumption. It should be clear and concise, and the relationship between
the evidence and the assumption must not commit any logical fallacies.  
My best of lucks, future educators!