MODULE 11:

THE BUFFER SYSTEM OF THE

BODY, AND AVIAN RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
ALLEN PAUL P. GUILLERMO, DVM
Faculty, College of Veterinary Medicine
Tarlac Agricultural University
 FORMATION OF HCO3 IN PLASMA
• The Chief buffers of plasma that provides for buffering action by combining with
H+ is protein system (Proteinate / Protein)

• The PCO2 in tissues higher than in arterial blood causes diffusion of CO2 into
blood and forces the preceding reversible reaction to the right causing an
increase in HCO3. This increase in HCO3 represents transport due to plasma
proteins.
 FORMATION OF HCO3 BY RBC
• The HCO3 diffuse out of RBC into the plasma due to
concentration gradient by exchanging chloride ions from the
plasma across the RBC membrane referred as chloride shift
or Hamburger shift.

• CO2 via H2CO3 - HCO3 ion

 HYPOXIA
 It is a state of inadequate O2 supply to tissue.


Absence of O2 is referred as anoxia.


The Cerebral effects seen will be mostly as
excitement, hallucination, restlessness and
unconsciousness.
 Types of Hypoxia
Anoxic hypoxia (Ambient hypoxia)

• This is due to reduced alveolar ventilation and reduced O2 tension in

blood caused due to obstruction of air passage, paralysis of respiratory
muscle, pulmonary disease or congenital diseases of heart.

Anemic anoxia
 Decrease in O2 carrying capacity of Hb due to low concentration of Hb
seen in hemorrhages, anemia, CO poisoning. In this case the partial
pressure of O2 is normal but insufficient O2 delivery to tissue results in
increased cardiac output and rapid circulation time.
Stagnant hypoxia
 The O2 content of arterial blood is normal, but the tissues receive low
O2 supply because general or local circulation failure.

Histotoxic hypoxia
 The tissue oxidation is interfered due cyanide poisoning. Paralysis of
cytochrome oxidase system is responsible for this condition. The
amount of O2 and pO2 are normal in arterial blood and above normal in
venous blood.
 Respiratory Mucous Secretion
• Clara cells are the non-ciliated portion of bronchioles in the
smaller airways.
• Goblet cells are located in the large air ways
mucous.
secrete
• Bronchial glands also secrete serous and mucous via
sub
mucosal glands.
Cough reflex

It is a protective reflex initiated by irritation of the sub
epithelial layer or stimulation of stretch receptors in the
large bronchi by the foreign bodies.

Inflammation of the air passage and injury to respiratory
epithelium also causes hyper responsive cough reflex.
 OTHER NON-RESPIRATORY
FUNCTIONS OF THE LUNGS

Sneezing

Phonation

Cooling of blood going to the brain

Olfaction

Panting in dogs

Purring in cats