FEED ANALYSIS AND

QUALITY CONTROL
UNIT 8

SORIANO, ALFRED JAMES

TABOR, JACQUILINE
TABULA, ANA MICHAELA
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Analyze the feeds of animals using proximate analysis.

2. Assess the required procedure for quality control of feeds and feed ingredients.
 01
INTRODUCTION
Laboratory Testing
 the process of measuring specific components of a feed or ingredient
sample to assure its quality.
 may be a chemical, physical and/or electronic measurement to determine
the quality of a product when compared to a predetermined standard.
 Laboratory test data, or summaries, can be used to evaluate quality in the
manufacturing process.
 Test data may be used to:

Evaluate ingredients and ingredient suppliers.

Evaluate formulated nutrient content of feeds.

Establish product standard deviation, variation and trend lines.

Measure performance of plant equipment.

Assist in trouble shooting manufacturing difficulties.

Assure that feed meets label guarantee.

Promote marketing and sales programs.

Defend firm against claims from complaints and/or regulatory
Test data may be used to:

● Evaluate ingredients and ingredient suppliers.

● Evaluate formulated nutrient content of feeds.
● Establish product standard deviation, variation and trend lines.
● Measure performance of plant equipment.
● Assist in trouble shooting manufacturing difficulties.
● Assure that feed meets label guarantee.
● Promote marketing and sales programs.
● Defend firm against claims from complaints and/or regulatory action.
Major Sources of Laboratory
Testing
Company laboratories

Commercial laboratories

Regulatory agency laboratories

 Sampling Tools
Samples need to be reduced to a size or quantity that is easy to work with.

Bagged Samples Micro-ingredient Bulk Samples

Samples
 Screening Checks
• Moisture
• Impurities – set of sieves
• Quick tests
1. Pluroglucinol for rice bran
2. Urease test kit
3. Flotation tests
4. Aflatoxin using UV light
5. Feed microscopy
6. Bulk density
 Basic Feed Physical Test
 Pellet Durability Index(PDI) – measures the relative ability of feed pellet to resist breaking up in the
bulk handling system.

 Fines Testing – the process of screening or sieving a bag or sample of pelleted feed to determine
the fines portion.

 Particle size testing – the process of determining the mean or average particle size of a sample of
feed or ingredient.

 Hardness Testing – is measure of the relative hardness of pellet by using the Stokes Pill Hardness
Tester.

 Feed Microscopy
1. Detect adulteration

2. Variation in quality

3. Foreign objects

4. Mold

5. Damage feed

MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

1. PRODUCT 4. SALMONELLA
QUALITY
E. COLI
2. PERFORMANCE
MOLD
3. HEALTH
CHEMICAL TESTS

1. Proximate analysis
2. Mycotoxins
3. FFA
4. Peroxide
5. Urease
6. Heavy metals and other contaminants
7. Antibiotic residue
 Proximate Analysis

Moisture testing – is the process in which the sample is weighed before and after drying and the difference or last portion,

is considered moisture.

Protein test – a procedure that measures the nitrogen content of the sample.

Fat test – procedures measure the amount of fat from the sample by reflexing with ethyl ether in a soxlet apparatus or

Goldfisch fat extractor.

Crude fiber test – procedures measure the amount of fibrous material or “roughage” loss to ignition of the dried portion

remaining after digestion of the residue from the fat procedure.

Ash procedure – measures the portion of the sample that remains after the sample is placed in a temperature controlled

6000C furnace, preheated to the 6000C, for 2 hours.

 Proximate Analysis

Pepsin Digestible Protein, Total Sugar as Invert and Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN)

Calcium test – uses the standard oxalates precipitation procedures or colormetric method for autautomatic testing

equipment.

Phosphorus test – is a colormetric method using molybdate solution for color development.

Salt test – measures the total chlorides present in the sample.

Other mineral test – are available as wet chemical procedures or by atomic absorption procedures.

Mycotoxins (toxins produced by molds) – test may be required on some ingredients (grains) and finished feeds.

Vitamin assay – may be required on some dairy and starter feeds to confirm the vitamin level of the feed sample.

Medication (drugs or antibiotics) medicated feeds – required to be tested yearly.

 Mineral Interctions

- A great excess of dietary calcium and/or phosphorus interferes with the absorption of both

minerals.

- Excess magnesium upsets calcium metabolism.

- Excess zinc interferes with copper metabolism.

- Excess copper markedly depress iron absorption.

Trace minerals with no metabolic requirements
- Aluminum, Arsenic, Barium, Bromine, Cadmium,
Cesium, Rubinium, Nickel, Tin, Vanadium

Common pollutants

- Copper, Selenium, Mercury, Lead, Cadmium,

Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Plant poisons

- Acorn, Avocado, Black walnut, Pine needle, Low/high

larkspur, Oak, Timber milk vetch, Water hemlock

Amines

- Decaboxylation breakdown products of amino acid

catabolism, toxic to animals, Histamine, Gizzerosine,
Dopamine
 Proximate analysis of feedstuff
A system of approximating the value of a product for feeding purposes
without taking the time and trouble of actually using it in feeding trial. It is based on
the separation of a sample of the product into nutritive fractions through aa series
of chemical determinations which in turn would reflect the materials feeding value.

Fractions:

• Water

• Crude protein

• Crude fat or either extract

• Crude fiber

• Nitrogen free extract

• Mineral water or Ash

 A. Water or moisture

METHOD A

Loss of wt during drying x 100 = % water

Wt of sample before drying

METHOD B

Wt of sample after drying x 100 = % DM (dry matter)

Wt of sample before drying
 B. Crude protein

Most nitrogen- containing macro materials in most feeds are protein and
proteins on the average are approximately 16% nitrogen. Individuals protein
range from 15% to over 18% nitrogen.

Amount of protein in the sample x 100 = % crude protein

Wt of sample
 C. Crude fat

Includes the entire portion of a feed soluble in ether. Hence, crude fat is
commonly called to as either extract or EE.

Wt of crude fat x 100 = % crude fat

Wt of sample used
 D. Crude Fiber

This fraction was designed originally to include those materials in a feed which
are as low digestibility.

Wt of crude fiber x 100 = % crude fiber

Wt of the original sample
 E. Mineral matter or Ash

This fraction includes for the most part the inorganic or mineral components of
a feed.

Wt of ash x 100 = % mineral water

Wt of the original sample
 F. Mineral matter or Ash

This is commonly referred to as NFE. This fraction was designed to include the
more digestible carbohydrates, any lignin which ay come out her will tend to
distort the meaningfulness of the NFE as lignin is essentially indigestible.

% water
% crude protein
% crude fat
% crude fiber
% mineral matter

100 – Total = % Nitrogen Free Extract

 The composition of feeds may be expressed on any one or
more of three dry matter basis:

A. As fed – referred to as the wet or fresh basis. On this basis dry matter of different feeds range
from near 0% to 100%.

B. Air dry – actual or an “assumed dry matter component” basis. The latter is usually 90%. This
basis is useful for comparing the composition of feeds having different moisture contents.

C. Oven dry – based on moisture free or 100% DM state. It is useful for comparing feeds of
different moisture contents.
The different bases may be illustrated as follows:
 
As fed Air- dry Oven – Dry
 

% water May be any % Usually 10% 0%

% crude protein
% crude fat
   
% crude fiber
% NFE This is dry matter – it  

is always 100 %    

minus the % water Usually 90 % 100 %

% ash  
 Rules of thumb for balancing rations
A. Beef: the maintenance ration for beef cows is primarily roughage. The air-dry roughage to
feed should equal about 2% body weight. Cows nursing calves should be fed 50% more than
dry cows. Silage is substituted at the rate of 3 parts silage for each 1 part of dry roughage.
Fattening rations should be about 2 to2.25% of the animal body weight.

Free choice: supplement is available at all times to the animal.

B. Swine: breed sows and gilts that are limit fed should receive about 3.5 to 4.5 pounds of air
dry feed in the ration containing 14% crude protein.

Limit feed: the amount of feed given the animal is controlled or limited to less than the
animals would eat it if given free access to the feed.

Self feed: the animal is given free access to all the feed it will eat.
C. Sheep: maintenance ration should have about 3% of the body weight while fattening
rations is about 1.5% to 2% body weight fed as air dry roughage.

D. Goat: similar with sheep. Milk goat should receive about 0.5 pounds of air dry grain for
each pound of milk produced.

E. Horses: rations are based on the amount of work.

F. Poultry: made up of almost entirely of grain and protein supplement. Laying hens need a
great deal of calcium for egg shell formation. A ration for poultry is about 10% of body
weight fed as air dry feed.
 PEARSON SQUARE

-Karl Pearson is the proponent of this method

-a.k.a Box Method

-It is of greatest value when only two

ingredients are to be mixed.

Example: A 907 kg. of feed is needed to feed a 45 kg. growing hog. A
feeding standard table shows that 14% crude protein ration is
needed. Corn and soy bean oil meal are selected as feeds. A feed
composition table shows that corn has 8.9% and soy bean oil meal
has 45.8% crude protein as fed basis. How much corn and soy bean
oil meal need to mix together for 907 kg of feed?
Step 1. Draw a square with lines connecting with the opposite corners. Write
the percent crude protein needed (14) in the center of the square where the
line cross.

14
Step 2. Write the crude proteins percent at the left hand corners of the
square.

Corn= 8.9

14

SBOM= 45.8
Step 3. Subtract the smaller number from the larger along the diagonal lines.
Write the difference at the opposite end of the diagonals.

Corn= 8.9 31.8 14-8.9 = 5.1

45.5-14 = 31.8

14

SBOM= 45.8 5.1

 The difference between the percent protein in the soy bean oil meal (45.8)
and the needed percent protein in the ration (14) is the parts of the corn
needed (31.8). The difference between the percent protein in the corn (8.9)
and needed percent protein in the ration (14) is the parts of the soy bean oil
meal needed (5.1).
 
The sum of the numbers on the right equals then difference in the numbers
on the left. The fact is used as a check to see if the square is set up correctly.
Step 4. Divide the parts of each feed by the total parts to find the percent of
each feed in the ration.

Corn= 8.9 31.8 per corn

  36.9

Corn 31.8 / 36.9 x 100 = 86.2%

14
SBON 5.1/36.9 x 100 = 13.8%

SBOM= 45.8 5.1 per SBOM

36.9
Step 5. It is known that 907 kg. of the mixture is needed. The amount of corn
needed is 782 kg. This is found by multiplying the percent of corn in the mix
by the total kilograms of the mix.

907 x 0.862 = 782 kg.

 
The amount of soy bean oil meal needed is 125 kg. This is found by
multiplying the percent of soy bean oil meal in the mix by the total kilogram
of the mix.
 
907 x 0.138 = 125 kg.
 Step 6. Check the mix to make sure the proteins is met. Multiply the
kilograms of corn by the percent of protein in the corn (782 x 0.089 = 69.6
Multiply the kilogram of soy bean oil meal by the percent of protein in the
soy bean oil meal (125 x 0.458 = 57.2) Add the kilograms of protein together.
Divide by the total weight of the mix.
69.6 +57.2 = 126.8
 
126.8 / 907 x 100 = 14%
 
The mix is balance for crude protein.
 Thanks!
Does anyone have any questions?

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 References
http://www.fao.org/3/AB479E/AB479E03.htm
https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/agriculture/formulating-rations-with-the-person-square-1-618/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284023680_Composition_and_Quality_Control_of_Feedstuffs_for_Poultry_and
_Swine
https://nagonline.net/830/quality-control-feedstuffs-nutrient-analyses/https://nagonline.net/830/quality-control-feedstuffs-n
utrient-analyses/