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Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Business perspective
• From a Business perspective, this Lecture addresses the following issues:
– Learning the characteristics of input, output and storage devices will allow
managers to select the correct equipment for a given application.
– An increased understanding of computers will help managers to see
how technology can be used to improve existing business processes
and identify potential applications.
– All major organisations make use of common applications, such as word
processing and spreadsheet software. An understanding of the factors involved
with selecting these applications is required by all managers.
– An understanding of the range of software applications available will help
managers to see potential applications relevant to a given organization or
industry.
– An understanding of recent developments in the software industry, such as the
emergence of XML, will help managers to develop long-term plans for the
organization's use of technology.
Key Concepts
• Computer system: Interrelated components
including hardware and software that work
together with the aim of converting data into
information.
• Memory
– A temporary means of storing data awaiting processing, instructions used to process data or
control the computer system, and data or information that has been processed.
• Storage devices
– A permanent means of storing data and programs until they are required.
• Output devices
– Translate the results of processing (output) into a human readable form.
Cost-efficient forms of PC
• Net PC is a small, low-cost computer designed to be centrally managed
and support businesses using network applications. They are not
equipped with disk drives, CD-ROM drives or expansion slots. They have
limited memory and processor since it will use the power of the server
to provide applications.
• Total cost of ownership (TCO): TCO refers to the total cost for a company
operating a computer. This includes not only the purchase or leasing cost
but also the cost of all the services needed to support the end-user.
Input Devices
• Optical character recognition (OCR): Software that attempts to recognize individual
characters. OCR software processes a digital image by locating and recognizing characters,
such as letters, numbers, and symbols
• Optical mark recognition (OMR): Detection and recognition of simple marks made on a
document. Optical mark recognition (OMR) is a process that scans paper forms
to detect darkened marks at pre-determined positions
• Bar code reader: Measures the intensity of a light beam reflected from a printed bar code
to identify the digits making up a unique identification number.
• Voice recognition: The facility to control a computer program or carry out data entry
through spoken commands via a microphone connected to a sound card.
key issues to consider when Selecting input
devices
• Appropriateness
• Permanence (durability)
• Response time
• Speed
• Cost
• Data complexity
• Frequency of data entry.
Output Devices
• Visual display unit (VDU): A monitor connected to a computer
system, traditionally used to describe character-based terminals.
• CD-R (CD-recordable): Can both read conventional compact discs and also write data to
special ‘gold’ discs.
• CD-RW: In addition to providing the functionality of the CDR drive, the CDRW drive also
allows the use of special compact disc media that can be written and erased many times.
• Digital versatile disc (DVD): Similar to CD-ROM but with higher storage capacities,
typically between 4 Gb and 7 Gb and which is accessed at higher speeds.
Primary storage – memory
• Volatile memory: Anything held in memory is lost once the power to the computer system is
switched off.
• Non-volatile memory: Non-volatile memory retains its contents until altered or erased.
• Random access memory (RAM): RAM is used as volatile, working storage by a computer,
holding instructions and data that are waiting to be processed.
• Read-only memory (ROM): The contents of ROM are fixed and cannot be altered. ROM is non-
volatile.
• Cache memory: Used to improve performance by anticipating the data and instructions
needed by the processor. The required data are retrieved and held in the cache, ready to be
transferred directly to the processor when required.
Processors
• Processor: Uses instructions from software to control the
different components of a computer.
GUIDELINES:
• The name of the system
• Organization or sector involved
• A description of how the systems work in the organization
• Advantages of the system
• Best wishes