BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING

1st year Production Engineering and Management

The Seminar
on
standard data and formulas in Time study
By 1.Huni Asrat ID-BDU 1200468
2.Henok Biru ID-BDU 1200465
 Points to Discuss
 INTRODUCTION
 Why do we need Standard Data and formula?
 STANDARD TIME DATA DEVELOPMENT
1. GENERAL APPROACH

2. .TABULAR DATA

3. USING NOMOGRAMS AND PLOTS

 FORMULA CONSTRUCTION FROM EMPIRICAL DATA

 ANALYTICAL FORMULAS
 USING STANDARD DATA
 Article review
INTRODUCTION
Standard
 Data: are elemental times obtained from time studies that have
been stored for later use.
Developed from a database collected over years of motion and time study.

The principle of applying standard data was established many years ago

by Frederick W. Taylor, who proposed that each elemental time be
properly indexed so that it could be used to establish future time
standards.
Levels of refinement: motion, element, and task.

Motion:-it involves times of the smallest component range from about 0.01 to 1 sec
(e.g. reach, grasp move, position release) .
Typified by MTM,MODAPTS or other PTS systems.
Elemental :- components vary from 1 to 1000 sec (e.g. get equipment, polish shoes, put
equipment away)
components come from either PTS system or time study
Task :-component times range upward component come from elemental combination.
from time study, occurrence sampling. Employee activity logs
 Cont…

 The more refined the standard data element, the broader its range of usage.

 Motion standard data have the greatest application, but it takes longer to develop such a

standard than either element or task standard data.

 Element standard data are widely applicable and allow the faster development of a standard

than motion data.

 A time study formula is an alternative and, typically, simpler presentation of standard data,

especially for variable elements.

 Such formulas have particular application in nonrepetitive work for which it is impractical

to establish standards for each job using an individual time study.

 Formula construction involves the design of an algebraic expression that establishes a time

standard in advance of production by substituting known values peculiar to the job for the

variable elements.
 Why do we need Standard Data and formula?

1. Reduce time required to develop time standards (as

compared to time study). (25 rates per day > 5 rates per day)
2. Reduce cost of developing time standards (due primarily
from reduced time required to develop the standards).
3. Permit the establishment of accurate time standards before
the job is performed.
4. Time standards from standard data are more consistent
(and fair)
5. Standard data time standards are more accurate
6. Could be used as a check for time study
STANDARD TIME DATA DEVELOPMENT
1. GENERAL APPROACH

• To develop standard time data, analysts must distinguish

constant elements from variable elements.
• A constant element is one whose time remains
approximately the same, cycle after cycle.
• A variable element is one whose time varies within a
specified range of work.
• Standard data are indexed and filed as they are developed.
Also, setup elements are kept separate from elements
incorporated into each piece time, and constant elements
are separated from variable elements.
 Cont.…
• Typical standard data for machine operation would be

tabulated as follows:

(1) setup, (a) constants, (b) variables;

(2) each piece, (a) constants, (b) variables.

• Standard data are compiled from different elements in time

studies of a given process over a period of time. Only

those studies proved valid through use are included in the
data. In tabulating standard data, the analyst must be
careful to define the endpoints clearly. Otherwise, there
may be a time overlap in the recorded data.
• Since standard data elements are compiled from a great number

of studies taken by different time study observers, the limits or

endpoints of each element should be carefully defined.
• Any missing values in a standard data tabulation will need to be

measured, typically by a stopwatch time study.

 Sometimes, very short individual elements will be difficult if not

impossible to measure separately. However, the analyst can

determine their individual values by timing groups of elements
collectively and using simultaneous equations to solve for the
individual elements.
 2.TABULAR DATA
•Tabular data, either from the machine tool manufacturer or from empirical studies.
For example, when developing standard data times for machine elements, the

analyst may need to tabulate horsepower requirements for various materials in

relation to
•depth of cut

•cutting speeds

•feeds
•Such tabular data are best stored, retrieved, and accumulated into a final standard time using

commercially available spreadsheet programs

(e.g., Microsoft Excel)

 3.USING NOMOGRAMS AND PLOTS
 Because of space limitations, tabularizing values for variable
elements is not always convenient. By plotting a curve or a
system of curves in the form of an alignment chart, the analyst
can express considerable standard data graphically
on one page.
 Figure 12.1
 Using nomograms or plots has some distinct disadvantages.
It is easy to introduce an error in reading from the plot,
because of the amount of interpolation usually required.
There is the chance of outright error through incorrect reading
or misalignment of the intersections on the various scales.
Picture from internet ?
 12.2 FORMULA CONSTRUCTION FROM
EMPIRICAL DATA
1.IDENTIFY VARIABLES
Identify the dependent and independent variables involved.
Since the analyst is concerned with setting time standards, the dependent
variable frequently will be time.
Dependent variable of time would have to be quantified from studies.
2.ANALYZE ELEMENTS AND COLLECT DATA
Collect data for the formula from
written from existing studies or
taking new studies, to obtain a sufficiently large sample to cover the range
of work for the formula.
Obviously, variable elements tend to vary in proportion to some characteristics of the
work, such as size, shape, or hardness. These elements should be carefully studied to
determine which factors influence the time, and to what extent.
In general, the constant elements should not deviate substantially.
The more studies used, the more data will be available, and the more normal will be
the conditions reflected.
3.PLOT DATA AND COMPUTE VARIABLE EXPRESSIONS

 Analysis of the constants and variables by posted the data to a spreadsheet (e.g.,

Microsoft Excel) .
 The constants are identified and combined and the variables analyzed so as to

have the factors influencing time expressed in an algebraic form.

 By plotting a curve of time versus the independent variable, the analyst may

deduce potential algebraic relationships.

 Plotted data may take a number of forms:

 Straight line

 Nonlinear increasing trend

 Nonlinear decreasing trend

 If a straight line, then the relationship is quite straightforward:
y=a+bx
with the constants a and b determined from least-squares regression analysis.
 If the plot shows a nonlinear increasing trend, then power relationships of the form x2, x3,
xn, or ex should be attempted.
 For nonlinear decreasing trends, negative power or negative exponentials should be
attempted. For asymptotic trends, log relationships or negative exponentials of the form y=
1+ e-x should be attempted.

 The simpler the formula, the better it can be understood and applied.
 Cumbersome expressions involving many terms to powers should be avoided.
 The range for each variable should be specifically identified.
 The limitations of the formula must be noted by describing its applicable range in
detail.
There is a formalized procedure for computing the best model, termed the general
linear test. It computes the decrease in unexplained variance between the simpler
model, termed the reduced model, and the more complex model, termed the full
model. The decrease in variance is tested statistically, and the more complex model
is used only if the decrease is significant (see Example 12.2). Further details on
curve fitting and model development can be found in various statistical textbooks
such as Neter et al. (1996) or Rawling (1988).
 4.CHECK FOR ACCURACY AND FINALIZE

Upon
 completion of the formula, analysts should verify it before
releasing it for use. The easiest and fastest way to check the formula is
to use it to check existing time studies. Any marked differences
(roughly 5 percent) between the formula value and the time study value
should be investigated.
If the formula does not have the expected validity, the analyst should

accumulate additional data by taking more stopwatch and/or standard
data studies.
The final step in the formula development process is to write the

formula report. The analyst should consolidate all data, calculations,
derivations, and applications of the formula and present this information
in a complete report prior to putting the formula into use. This will
make available all the facts regarding the process employed, the
operating conditions, and the scope of formula.
12.3 ANALYTICAL FORMULAS
Standard times can be calculated using analytical
formulas found in
Technical handbooks or
From information provided by machine tool
manufacturers.
 By finding the appropriate feeds and speeds for different
types and thicknesses of materials, analysts can calculate
cutting times for different machining operations.
 DRILL PRESS WORK
 A drill is a fluted end-cutting tool used to originate or enlarge a
hole in solid material.
 In drilling operations on a flat surface, the axis of the drill is at 90
degrees to the surface being drilled. When a hole is drilled
completely through a part, the analyst must add the lead of the
drill to the length of the hole to determine the entire distance the
drill must travel to make the hole. When a blind hole is drilled,
the distance from the surface being drilled to the deepest
penetration of the drill is the distance that the drill must travel.
 The cutting time thus calculated does not include an allowance,
which must be added to determine the standard time. The
allowance should include time for variations in material thickness
and for tolerance in setting the stops, both of which affect the
cycle cutting time. Personal and unavoidable delay allowances
should also be added to arrive at an equitable standard time.
 LATHE WORK
Many variations of machine tools are classified as lathes.


Engine lathe

Turret
 lathe and
Automatic lathe (automatic screw machine)
•All of these lathes are used primarily with stationary tools or with tools that translate

over the surface to remove material from the revolving work, which includes

forgings, castings, or bar stock.

•In some cases, the tool revolves while the work is stationary, as on certain stations of

automatic screw machine work. For example, a slot in a screw head can be machined

in the slotting attachment on the automatic lathe.

Many
 factors alter speeds and feeds
such as
oThe condition and design of the machine tool
oThe material being cut
oThe condition and design of the cutting tool
oThe coolant used for cutting
oMethod of holding the work
oThe method of mounting the cutting tool.
To determine the cutting time for L in of cut, the length of cut in inches is
divided by the feed in inches per minute, or
T=L/Fm
where T Cutting time (min)
L Total length of cut
Fm Feed (in/min)
and Fm=3.82 fSf/d

where f feed (in/r)

Sf Speed (surface ft/min)
d diameter of work (in)
 MILLING MACHINE WORK
Milling refers to the removal of material with a rotating multiple-tooth cutter.

While the cutter rotates, the work is fed past the cutter. This differs from a

drill press, for which the work is usually stationary. In addition to machining

plane and irregular surfaces, operators use a milling machine for cutting

threads, slotting, and cutting gears.

In milling work, as in drill press and lathe work, the speed of the cutter is

expressed in surface feet per minute. Feeds or table travel are usually

expressed in thousandths of an inch per tooth.

 To determine the cutter speed in revolutions per minute from the surface feet per minute and the
diameter of the cutter, use the following expression:
Nr=3.82Sf
d
where Nr cutter speed (rpm)
Sf cutter speed (ft/min)
d outside diameter of cutter (in)
To determine the feed of the work in inches per minute into the cutter, use the expression
Fm=fntNr
where Fm feed of work into cutter (in/min)
f feed of cutter (in per tooth)
nt number of cutter teeth
Nr cutter speed (rpm)

The number of cutter teeth suitable for a particular application may be

expressed as

nt =Fm/FtNp
where Ft= chip thickness.
To compute the cutting time on milling operations, the analyst
must take into consideration the lead of the milling cutter when
figuring the total length of cut under power feed. This can be
determined by triangulation, as illustrated in Figure 12.5, which
shows the slab-milling of a pad.

In this case, to arrive at the total length that must be fed past the
cutter, the lead BC is added to the length of the work (8 in).
Clearance for removal of the work after the machining cut is
handled as a separate element, because greater feed under rapid
table traverse is used. By knowing the diameter of the cutter,
you can determine AC as being the cutter radius, and you can
then calculate the height of the right triangle ABC by
subtracting the depth of cut BE from the cutter radius AE, as
follows:
BC=Sq root of AC2-AB2
Through knowledge of feeds and speeds, analysts can
determine the required cutting or processing time for various
work performed in their plants. The illustrations cited in drill
press, lathe, and milling work are representative of the
techniques used to establish raw cutting times. The
necessary applicable allowances must be added to these
values to create fair total element allowed values.
12.4 USING STANDARD DATA
For easy reference,
constant standard data elements should be tabulated and
filed under the machine or the process.
Variable data can be either tabulated or expressed as a
curve or equation, and then filed under the facility or
operation class.
 DETERMINATION OF STANDARD TIME IN PACKAGING
PROCESSING USING STOPWATCH TIME STUDY TO FIND
OUTPUT STANDARD BY RIO PRASETYO

Result and Discussion

Explained about data collection, data processing, and data interpretation. The
following is a description of the results and discussion related to the standard
time and standard output of shrimp feed companies.
Data Collection
• Prior to data collection, the equipment required for a working
measurement activity with stopwatch include:
• 1. Stopwatch
• 2. Time study board
• 3. Time study form
• 4. Stationery
• 5. Calculator then separate of work into several elements of work
Below are the elements in the packaging process.
 Conclusions
• Conclusion From result of observation of work measurement by
using stopwatch method of Time Study at 4 line packaging can be
concluded as follows:
• Standard time is a reasonable time required by a normal worker to
complete his work done in the best working system of the day.
• From the calculation results obtained standard time required in
completing the target company of 4 line packaging is not much
different / almost the same. Sequentially the standard time workers line
1 to line 4 is 7.325 seconds, 7.240 seconds, 7.225 seconds, and 7.065
seconds. Thus, have a level of ability or productivity that is not much
different.
Questions?
Thank you