Weather Systems

Affecting the Country and its

Associated Hazards,

RYAN R. OROGO
Chief Meteorological Officer
PAGASA Sorsogon Synoptic Station (September 26, 2019)

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Background:

September 24, 2019 WEATHER

Is what you
get
Sorsogon Station Temperature
Sorsogon Station (°C)
Wind Speed 1 mps Maximum 32.0 °C
Wind Direction Northeast Temperature
Minimum 23.0 °C
Temperature

Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a

specific location and time

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Background:

CLIMATE
what you expect
NORMAL MONTHLY RAINFALL
DISTRIBUTION
Station: JUBAN, SORSOGON
1000.0
800.0
Rainfall (mm)

600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0

Climate is the average of the weather given

a period of time

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Background:

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WEATHER SYSTEMS AFFECTING
THE COUNTRY and its
ASSOCIATED HAZARDS

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 THUNDERSTORMS

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THUNDERSTORM
• A localized (small scale)
storm with massive
cumulonimbus clouds
producing lightning and
thunder, and often brings
heavy rainfall, or hail, as well
as strong, gusty winds.
• Most frequent during the
period from May to
September and are most
common in the mid-
afternoon when the surface
temperatures are the warmest.
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 1. HEAVY RAINFALL
Excessive rains can produce
flash floods/ floods which can
change small creeks into
raging floodwaters, sweeping
over structures along its path.

Oct. 1, 2014 www.news.cn Sep 10, 2014 abs-cbn news

Sep. 10, 2014 abs-cbn news

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2. TORNADO
• A localized windstorm
characterized by a
visible funnel-shaped,
rapidly whirling
cloud that extends
from the base of a
dark –cumulonimbus
cloud.
• Whirling winds are
estimated to exceed
450 km/hr and may
last for a few minutes
• Most injuries and
deaths result from
flying debris.

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3. HAIL
Hailstones are ice crystals
falling from a thunderstorm
cloud.

Hailstorm over Masambong,

Quezon City
March 14, 2013

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 Path of hailstone

Strong air currents

Ice crystal collides with

droplet, which freezes around
it

Hailstone is carried around the

cloud and coated with more ice

Heavy
hailstone
falls

INSIDE THE THUNDERSTORM CLOUD

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4. LIGHTNING
During the development of a large
cumulonimbus cloud, a separation of charge
occurs.
Lightning is a visible
electrical discharge due
to high voltage
differences that build
up within the cloud
or between the rain
cloud and the ground
below.
House made of light materials burned
due to Lightning in KANANGA, LEYTE.
STRIDE Survey Picture

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LIGHTNING SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
• Go inside a house made of non-combustible
material or large building, if you can.
• Avoid using electrical appliances such as
telephones, computers, or television sets.
• If stuck outside, do not take shelter under a
tall, isolated tree.
• Stay away from bodies of water.
• If you are trapped in an open field and you feel
your hair stand on end, lightning is about to
strike. Do not lie flat on the ground.

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 "LIGHTNING SAFETY POSITION"

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 TROPICAL CYCLONE

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 TROPICAL CYCLONE
P A R LINE

A
R P

A
R

L P A R LINE
I
N L

E I
N
E

A weather disturbance with low pressure characterized

by very strong winds blowing counter-clockwise
direction toward the center called the “eye”
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 PARTS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

• EYE

• EYE WALL
• RAIN BANDS

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Strong Winds

200 kph

150 kph

100 kph

60 kph

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 EYEWALL

EYE

RAINBANDS

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FACTORS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE FORMATION
• Sea surface temperature 26.5 degree Celsius

• High humidity up to 5 km above the surface

• Weak vertical wind shear

• Sufficient latitudes, above 5 degree from the

equator
 Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
 An average of 19-20 tropical cyclones enters or
developed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility
(PAR) every year. The PAR is an imaginary line bounded along
the following coordinates:
 25°N, 120°E to 25°N, 135°E
 25°N, 135°E to 5°N, 135°E
 5°N, 135°E to 5°N, 115°E
 5°N, 115°E to 15°N, 115°E
 15°N, 115°E to 21°N, 120°E
 21°N, 120°E to 25°N, 120°E

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Classification of tropical cyclone
.........based on intensity
Tropical
Depression (TD)

having a wind
speed of up to 61
kph
 Classification of tropical cyclone
.........based on intensity

Tropical Storm
(TS)
having a wind speed of
between 62 to 88
kph
 Classification of tropical cyclone
.........based on intensity
Severe Tropical Storm
(STS)

having a wind speed

of between 89 to
118 kph
Classification of tropical cyclone
.........based on intensity

Typhoon (TY)

having a wind
speed of 118
to 220 kph
 Classification of tropical cyclone
.........based on intensity

Super Typhoon
(STY)

having a wind speed of

more than 220 kph
Tropical Cyclone Statistics
• An average of 19 to 20 tropical cyclones enters or developed in the PAR
• 8 to 9 of Tropical cyclone made landfall
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REVISED LIST OF NAMES FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES WITHIN THE PHILIPPINE AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY
(Effective February 2019)
2019 2020 2021 2022
2023 2024 2025 2026
2027 2028 2029 2030
2031 2032 2033 2034 AUXILLIARY LIST
AMANG AMBO AURING AGATON 2019 2020 2021 2022
BETTY BUTCHOY BISING BASYANG 2023 2024 2025 2026
CHEDENG CARINA CRISING CALOY 2027 2028 2029 2030
DODONG DINDO DANTE DOMENG 2031 2032 2033 2034
EGAY ENTENG EMONG ESTER
FALCON FERDIE FABIAN FLORITA ALAMID AGILA ABE ALAKDAN
GORING GENER GORIO GARDO BRUNO BAGWIS BERTO BALDO
HANNA HELEN HUANING HENRY CONCHING CHITO CHARO CLARA
INENG IGME ISANG INDAY DOLOR DIEGO DADO DENCIO
JENNY JULIAN JOLINA JOSIE ERNIE ELENA ESTOY ESTONG
KABAYAN KRISTINE KIKO KARDING FLORANTE FELINO FELION FELIPE
LIWAYWAY LEON LANNIE LUIS GERARDO GUNDING GENING GOMER
MARILYN MARCE MARING MAYMAYG HERNAN HARRIET HERMAN HELING
NIMFA NIKA NANDO NENENG ISKO INDANG IRMA ISMAEL
ONYOK OFEL ODETTE *OBET JEROME JESSA JAIME JULIO
PERLA PEPITO PAOLO PAENG
QUIEL QUINTA QUEDAN QUEENIE
RAMON ROLLY RAMIL *ROSAL
SARAH SIONY SALOME SAMUEL
TISOY TONYO TINO TIOMAS
URSULA ULYSSES *UWAN *UMBERTO
VIRING VICKY *VERBENA VENUS
WENG WARREN WILMA WILMA
YOYOY YOYONG YASMIN YAYANG
ZIGZAG ZOSIMO ZORAIDA ZENY
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 HOW IS THE WARNING/
BULLETIN DISSEMINATED ?

www.facebook.com/PAGASA.DOST.GOV.PH
http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph @dost_pagasa

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1. STRONG WIND
• Maximum wind speeds in a
tropical cyclone may even
reach beyond 250 kph in
extreme cases (more than 3x
the average speed of vehicles).
• Structural damage is one of its
most disastrous effects.
• The areas most prone to
stronger winds are located
along the eastern seaboard of
the Philippines.

Barcelona Sorsogon, TY Nona

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 2. HEAVY RAINS/FLOOD/
FLASH FLOOD • Continuous heavy
rainfall can produce
severe flooding and
may cause damage to
agriculture,
infrastructures and
community lifelines.
• Ground water may be
contaminated by
floodwaters and may
lead to the outbreak
and spread of
UERM Hospital, During the passage of TS Ondoy Sep. 26, 2009
Courtesy: YouTube
diseases.
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3. STORM SURGE
• The abnormal rise in
sea level causing big
waves at the coast as
the tropical cyclone
approaches and hit
land or made landfall.

• It can engulf low-lying

coastal communities
and can also bring
destruction to natural
and man-made
structures, especially
if they coincide with
the occurrence of
high tide.
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4. LANDSLIDE/MUDFLOW
• Continuous heavy rains
over hilly or
mountainous areas,
especially denuded
ones, usually result to
landslides or mudflows.
• Landslides can bury
people alive and destroy
their properties.
• Mudflows/
mudslides, like
landslides are
hazards to
people’s lives
and properties. Kennon Road, Baguio City, TY INENG
Lanao del Norte, TY SENDONG
AGU.Blogsphere abs-cbn

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 FRONTS

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FRONTS - the transition zone between two air masses of
different properties (density, temperature, etc.)

WARM FRONT - the transition zone

where a warm air mass is replacing
a cold air mass

COLD FRONT - the transition

zone where a cold air mass is
replacing a warmer air mass.

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C. COLD FRONT
• Characterized
largely by an
increased
cloudiness and
heavy rains
• Affects the
Philippines from
November to
February
• Eastern part of the
country receives
most of the
associated rainfall

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Impacts of Cold Front
 Affected:
(a) 16 brgys of
St. Bernard
(b) 3,268 families/
10,342 persons
 Damages:
(a) 281 houses of
Brgy, Guinsaugon
 Casualties:
(a) 72 dead
(b) 19 injured
(c) 1,350 missing
GUINSAUGON, ST. BERNARD, SOUTHERN
LEYTE LANDSLIDE, Feb. 17, 2006

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INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE
ZONE (ITCZ)

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D. INTERTROPICAL
CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
Series of low
pressure areas
brought about
by converging
Northeast (NE)
and Southeast
(SE) trade
L L L
L winds that
cause
thunderstorms
and rain-
showers.

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 Hazards Associated with
Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ)
• Showers to heavy rains which may cause
flashflood or flooding
• Widespread thunderstorms
• Breeding ground of tropical cyclones
• It oscillates over the Philippines during the
month of May and October

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 MONSOONS

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E. MONSOONS
southwest direction

SOUTHWEST MONSOON (HABAGAT)

• Seasonal winds blowing from the southwest direction.
• It causes extensive cloud development and rainfall
at the western sections of the country.
• Occurs during the months of June to October each year.
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E. MONSOONS
northeast direction

NORTHEAST MONSOON (AMIHAN)

• Seasonal winds blowing from the northeast direction.
• It causes cloud development and rainfall at the
eastern sections of the country.
• It normally occurs during the months of November to
February each year.
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 IMPACTS AND DAMAGES…
HABAGAT 2012 (As of 14 August 2012-NDRRMC)
Affected Population
Casualties Infrastructure Agriculture Flooded Areas

825,018 families / Dead: 95 P 639,128,230.00 P 1,624,410,815.14 56 Cities/ Municipalities

3,742,674 persons from NCR, Reg. 3 & IV-A

b)
a) c)

Views of impacts and damages caused by the enhanced Habagat

2012
a) Metro Manila flooding (source: DWIZ photo)
b) Bulacan flooding (souce: gb sb.blogspot.com)
c) Overflowing Marikina River (source: Dept. of National Defense photo)
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 RAINFALL WARNING SYSTEM

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 Rainfall Warning System
DETERMINING THUNDERSTORM/HEAVY RAINFALL POTENTIAL
USING PAGASA FACILITIES

PAGASA
Facilities/ OBSERVATION PREDICTION
Expertise
Satellite Radiosonde NWP
(IR –WV)
Observed Doppler (Numerical weather EPSGram/
Wx maps
(raingauges) Radar Sounding Prediction)
Imap/etc

Identify the Weather

THUNDERSTORM HEAVY
Decision RAINFALL
Localized Synoptic
Short duration RR Long duration RR

MAMonteverde’16
 THUNDERSTORM WARNING SYSTEM
• For short duration of rainfall
• Covers a small area
• Caused by localized thunderstorms

WARNING LEVEL MEANING

INFORMATION • Small chance of thunderstorm

development

WATCH • Thunderstorm is likely to form

• Thunderstorm is threatening or IMPACTS:

WARNING happening over a specific area • Flash floods
• Updates will be issued as necessary • Possible power interruption
• Traffic congestion in urban
areas due to flooding
• Lightning strikes

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 Thunderstorm Information

Disseminated thru SLPRSD

website and social media

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 Thunderstorm Watch

Disseminated thru SLPRSD

website and social media

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 Thunderstorm Warning
Thndrstrm Adv#1 11:17AM
31JAN19: Mod-hvy rains w/ lytnng
& strng wnd du 2 thndrstrms r
being xpcted ovr prtion of
OrMindoro (Per2Glera Sn Tedoro)
& nrby areas w/c may persist w/n
1-2hrs. Al r advsd 2 tke
prcautionry mesures agnst d
mpacts asociatd w/ ds hazrd w/c
nclud flshflds & lndlyds.

Disseminated thru
SLPRSD website, SMS,
social media and radio
broadcast

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 HEAVY RAINFALL WARNING SYSTEM
• For rainfall events of long duration and widespread rain
• Covers a large area
• Usually caused by tropical cyclones, monsoons, fronts, LPA etc.
WARNING LEVEL MEANING IMPACTS WHAT TO DO
• Flooding is possible in • Listen to the radio or
low-lying areas watch the news for
YELLOW COMMUNITY AWARENESS especially along river the latest update
channels • Monitor the weather
levels in rivers and
low-lying areas

• Flooding in other • Get ready for

areas evacuation with your
ORANGE COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS • Possible landslides emergency kit

• Widespread flooding • Evacuate to higher

• More roads are not grounds and away
RED COMMUNITY RESPONSE passable from landslides prone
• Higher chances of areas
landslides

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 HRWS for SORSOGON
RAINFALL VALUES (mm) MEANING WARNING
There is an antecedent rainfall
amount of 60-70mm within 24
COMMUNITY AWARENESS
Flooding is possible in low lying
ADVISORY
hours and > 7.5 mm/hr is expected areas and near river channels. YELLOW
to continue for the next 3 hours

There is an antecedent rainfall

amount of 71-90 mm within 24
hours and > 7.5 mm/hr is expected
to continue for the next 3 hours
COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
Flooding is threatening in low lying
ALERT
areas and near river channels. ORANGE
Landslides is threatening in landslide
prone areas

There is an antecedent rainfall

amount of more than 90 mm within
COMMUNITY RESPONSE
SEVERE Flooding is expected in flood
EMERGENCY
24 hours and > 7.5 mm/hr is prone areas and near river channels. RED
expected to continue for the next 3 Landslides is possible in landslide
hours prone areas

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Hvy RR Warnng #1 #SLPRSD: Wx
Sys: TECF 12PM 24Jan2019
YELLOW:Srsogon *Comunity
Awarenes: Flodng s possble n low
lyng areas along rver chanels &
lndslyds n mountinus areas.
Menwile lght-modr8 2 @ tyms hevy
rains afctng portions of Albay
CamSur TcaoIs Ctanduanes &
NrnSamar. D public & d DRRMC r
advsed 2 MONITOR wx condtion &
tke action & watch d nxt advsory
@3PM today

Disseminated thru
SLPRSD website, SMS,
social media and radio
broadcast

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Hvy RR Warnng #2 #SLPRSD: Wx Sys: TECF
3PM 24Jan2019
ORANGE:Srsogon
*Comunity Preparednes: Flodng s thrtenng
n low lyng areas & lndslyds n mountinus
areas.
YELLOW:Msbte TcaoIs BuriasIs NrnSamar
*Comunity Awarenes: Flodng s possble n
low lyng areas along rver chanels &
lndslyds n mountinus areas.
Menwile lght-modr8 2 @ tyms hevy rains
afctng Albay CamSur Rmbln & Ctanduanes.
D public & d DRRMC r advsed 2 MONITOR
wx condtion & tke action & watch d nxt
advsory @6PM today

Disseminated thru
SLPRSD website, SMS,
social media and radio
broadcast

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Hvy RR Warnng #4 #SLPRSD: Wx Sys: TECF
6PM 24Jan2019
RED Warnng Lvl: #NrnSamar #Srsogon
*Comunity Response: Flodng s ocurng & s
likely 2 rise. Landslyds s xpcted to ocur
ovr d lndslyd prone areas.
YELLOW:Msbte TcaoIs BuriasIs
*Comunity Awarenes: Flodng s possble n
low lyng areas along rver chanels &
lndslyds n mountinus areas.
Menwile lght-modr8 2 @ tyms hevy rains
afctng Albay CamNorte CamSur
Ctanduanes. D public & d DRRMC r
advsed 2 MONITOR wx condtion & tke
action & watch d nxt advsory @9PM
today

Disseminated thru
SLPRSD website, SMS,
social media and radio
broadcast

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