MichaeLecture

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

(DIASS 11)

Instructor

Michael John M. De Castro, LPT

Licensed No. 1328136
The Discipline of
Counseling
The Discipline of Counseling
In the duration of your stay in school, you may
have had or will have the opportunity to visit the
Guidance Counselor's Office.
This experience may be pleasant, more
especially if you have a therapeutic relationship
with your guidance counselors.
The Discipline of Counseling
You may even have memories of leaving the
Guidance Office with a feeling of relief, as if a
heavy load has been removed.
However, there are misconceptions as regards
not only to mental health services, but also those
who seek counseling.
The Discipline of Counseling
These misconceptions include the following:
A person seeing a counselor, a psychologist, a
psychiatrist, or any mental health practitioner has
a mental illness.
The Discipline of Counseling
These misconceptions include the following:
Counseling means giving advice.
The Discipline of Counseling
These misconceptions include the following:
Counseling is part of the discipline board.
The Discipline of Counseling
These misconceptions include the following:
A Counselor is a problem solver.
The Art and Science of Counseling
Nystul (2003) defined counseling as basically an
art and a science wherein you endeavor to weigh
the objective and subjective facets of the
counseling process.
The Art and Science of Counseling
Counseling as an art is the subjective dimension
of counseling.
Counseling as a science is the objective
dimension of the counseling process.
The Art and Science of Counseling
The professionalization of guidance and
counseling was realized through Republic Act
(RA) 9258, otherwise known as the Guidance
and Counseling Act of 2004.
The Art and Science of Counseling
Guidance and counseling is defined by the law as "the
profession that involves the use of an integrated
approach to the development of a well-functioning
individual primarily by helping him or her utilize his
or her potential to the fullest and plan his or her
present and future in accordance with his or her
abilities, interests, and needs.”
The Art and Science of Counseling
For a professional counselor, counseling is regarded as the
heart of guidance services, accomplished through a
therapeutic relationship between the counselor and the
counselee.
Thus, counseling is a dynamic process where both agents
relate with each other to try and see a bigger picture of the
situation, arrive at a similar understanding, and start
identifying counseling goals and how these will be achieved.
The Art and Science of Counseling
Counseling is an interactive process between the counselor
and the client, which aims to assist the clients to better
understand themselves and strive for changes to improve
their lives' circumstances.
It is both an art and a science.
A counselor is like an artist who can be flexible and creative
with how he or she can reach and relate with his or her client.
The Art and Science of Counseling
In addition, a counselor makes himself or herself
available to attend to the concerns of the counselee-a
clear manifestation of the concept of giving oneself to
the counseling process.
The Art and Science of Counseling
At the same time, counseling is a science as it
practices objectivity and follows a proper
methodological process.
As the counselor needs to empathize, he or she
is at risk of being irrationally influenced by the
client's emotions.
The Art and Science of Counseling
To resolve this conflict, the counselor has to be
systematic in observing behaviors and
interpreting information that he or she receives
from the counselee.
The Art and Science of Counseling
He or she must then use counseling scientific
techniques and methods, which include studying case
formulations, testing hypotheses, using psychological
tools for systematic assessment, going through the
step-by-step process of diagnosing, and thinking of
effective counseling interventions critically in order to
guide the client objectively.
The Art and Science of Counseling
It is this objective approach to counseling that
differentiates the professional counselors from
nonprofessional helpers, such as the peer facilitators,
who are trained with basic counseling skills to extend
help to their peers, but are not fully equipped with the
professional competencies in guidance and counseling.
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Developmental Goals
Preventive Goals
Enhancement Goals
Remedial Goals
Exploratory Goals
Reinforcement Goals
Cognitive Goals
Physiological Goals
Psychological Goals
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Developmental Goals
Assist in meeting or advancing the client’s
human growth and development including social,
personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical
wellness
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Preventive Goals
Helps the client avoid some undesired outcome
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Enhancement Goals
Enhance special skills and abilities
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Remedial Goals
Assisting a client to overcome and treat an
undesirable development
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Exploratory Goals
Examining options, testing of skills, trying new
and different activities, etc.
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Reinforcement Goals
Helps the client in recognizing what they are
doing, thinking, and feeling is fine
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Cognitive Goals
Involves acquiring the basic foundation of
learning and cognitive skills
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Physiological Goals
Involves acquiring the basic understanding and
habits for good health
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Psychological Goals
Aids in developing good social interaction
skills, learning emotional control, and developing
positive self-concept
The Goals of Counseling
(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003)
Psychological Goals
Aids in developing good social interaction
skills, learning emotional control, and developing
positive self-concept
Other than the goals discussed earlier, McLeod
(2003) presented a list of counseling goals, some
of which are enhancement of the latter goals.
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Insight
Understanding of the origins and development
of emotional difficulties, leading to an increased
capacity to take rational control over feelings and
actions
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Relating with others
Becoming better able to form and maintain
meaningful and satisfying relationships with
other people: for example, within the family or
workplace
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Self-awareness
Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings
that had been blocked off or denied, or
developing a more accurate sense of how self is
perceived by others
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Self-acceptance
The development of a positive attitude toward
self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas
of experience that had been the subject of self-
criticism and rejection
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Self-actualization
Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or
achieving an integration of previously conflicting
parts of self
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Enlightenment
Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of
spiritual awakening
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Problem-Solving
Finding a solution to a specific problem that the
client had not been able to resolve
Acquiring a general competence in problem-
solving
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Psychological education
Enabling the client to acquire ideas and
techniques with which to understand and control
behavior
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Acquisition of Social Skills
Learning and mastering social and interpersonal
skills such as maintenance of eye contact, turn-
taking in conversations, assertiveness, or anger
control
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Cognitive change
The modification or replacement of irrational
beliefs or maladaptive thought patterns
associated with self-destructive behavior
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Behavior change
The modification or replacement of maladaptive
or self-destructive patterns of behavior
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Systematic change
Introducing change into way in that social
systems operate
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Empowerment
Working on skills, awareness, and knowledge
that will enable the client to take control of his or
her own life
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Restitution
Helping the client to make amends for previous
destructive behavior
Counseling Goals
(McLeod, 2003)
Generativity
Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to
care for others and pass on knowledge and to
contribute to the collective good through political
engagement and community work
The Importance of Counseling
When you seek and accept the opportunity to consult a
counselor, you discover about resiliency and learn to aim for
emotional growth.
With a constructive perspective and reflective understanding
of yourself-your weaknesses and strengths, correct and
incorrect responses, and misaligned understanding of your
situation- you earn a broader perspective and understanding
of your situation.
The Importance of Counseling
Given this disposition, you are able to closely
examine the interplaying factors that affect your
view of yourself and the way you deal with the
people involved in your concerns.
The Importance of Counseling
Counseling programs aim to provide preventive
measures to clients.
This goal is achieved as the counselor assists
you to anticipate the challenges that may arise
from a particular situation.
The Importance of Counseling
As the counselor points out these challenges, he
or she will then discuss and provide guidelines
about how you can properly deal with them.
In doing so, you can function better by being
wiser in choosing your decisions, words, and
actions.
The Scope of Counseling
Academic difficulties
Personal concerns
Social problems
Emotional difficulties
Psychological challenges
Family problems
Career-related concerns
The Scope of Counseling
Academic difficulties
These include the students' difficulties in
accomplishing various requirements and meeting the
standards of education, adjusting to teaching methods
used, handling academic pressures, maintaining good
grades, managing time, learning how to focus, and
ensuring effective study skills.
The Scope of Counseling
Social concerns
Difficulties encountered by counselees in
relating with others include dealing with
rejections, handling peer pressure, coping
with the challenges of romantic
relationships, and bullying.
The Scope of Counseling
Personal concerns
These involve the difficulties that counselees
encounter in planning and setting their goals,
handling stress, sustaining their motivation,
making informed decisions, identifying
priorities, and solving problems.
The Scope of Counseling
Emotional difficulties
Problems related to clients' emotions include dealing
with anxiety, nervousness, and heartache; coping with
loneliness due to homesickness and rejection;
managing negative emotions such as depression,
anger, and fear; and attaining emotional stability.
The Scope of Counseling
Psychological challenges
These include handling persistent suicidal behaviors;
managing some forms of addiction such as smoking,
drinking, and computer gaming; dealing with eating or
sleeping problems; understanding one's identity; and
handling painful experiences.
The Scope of Counseling
Family problems
Clients' primary concerns usually involve separation
of parents, absence of parents due to work abroad,
single parenting, infidelity of parents, hostile
parenting, favoritism in the family, pregnancy and
parenting, and unpleasant home environment.
The Scope of Counseling
Career-related concerns
Primary career-related concerns include
difficulties in identifying one's strengths and
interests, lack of career goals and plans,
uncertainties in job application, and difficulties
with career choices (Hurlock, 1980).
The Scope of Counseling
Although the counseling profession has to deal
with this myriad of concerns, the emphasis of the
profession still lies on prevention and goal
orientation.
The Scope of Counseling
Counseling focuses on assisting individuals of
all ages in all stages of development, assuring
that they will be able to make wise decisions in
life and find meaning, purpose, and actualization
in what they do.
The Scope of Counseling
Thus, counseling promotes personal growth and
anticipates problems for prevention.
The Scope of Counseling
Counseling is different from guidance, although guidance is
oftentimes used interchangeably with counseling.
From a historical perspective, guidance first found its place
in schools and career centers before being linked to the
practice of counseling.
Guidance is focused on helping clients determine what they
value most, and from there choose the path that they want to
pursue.
The Scope of Counseling
On the other hand, counseling is one of the services provided
in order to guide students in better understanding themselves
and striving for change to improve their lives' circumstances.
 Counseling deals with more encompassing concerns so that
all efforts exerted in the process should end in self-
empowerment and self-reliance.
The Scope of Counseling
If a counselor encounters cases that are beyond his or
her professional expertise, then he or she refers the
client to other mental health practitioners who have
advanced and specialized training such as
psychiatrists, who can prescribe medications, and
clinical psychologists, who may provide
psychotherapy.
Principles of Effective Counseling
You now know that effective counselors do not give advice.
Instead, to help you better, your counselor will objectively
evaluate your situation, views, and responses.
He or she will never impose his or her personal values on
you.
But he or she will collaborate with you in identifying
possible solutions to your problems.
Ethical Principles of Counseling
Autonomy of Individuals
Principle of Nonmaleficence
Principle of Justice
Principle of Fidelity
The Core Values of Counseling
Your values constitute your beliefs, which in
turn affect how you view the people you deal
with and how you understand your situation.
The Core Values of Counseling
Hutchinson (2014) offered a synthesis of moral
values for effective counseling.
These include the following:
Each person is, in essence, naturally pure and
good.
The Core Values of Counseling
Hutchinson (2014) offered a synthesis of moral
values for effective counseling.
These include the following:
The primary role of a counselor is to give
support so that the client will be able to attain
autonomy.
The Core Values of Counseling
Hutchinson (2014) offered a synthesis of moral
values for effective counseling.
These include the following:
The essential values that will compel and
sustain you in doing this work are love and
compassion.
The Core Values of Counseling
Hutchinson (2014) offered a synthesis of moral
values for effective counseling.
These include the following:
An effective counselor finds the job’s intrinsic
rewards more interesting than its extrinsic ones.
The Core Values of Counseling
Hutchinson (2014) offered a synthesis of moral
values for effective counseling.
These include the following:
Deal with life through an attitude of gratitude
and forgiveness.