Unique Factorization Domain and Related

Proposition
Group Members: Urooj Khan
Sabeen Gul
Tanawish
Outline

Definitions of Basic Concepts

Integral Domain
Irreducible Element
Definition of Unique Factorization Domain
Example of Unique Factorization Domain
Proposition
Proposition-1
Proposition-2
Application of Unique Factorization Domain
Unique Factorization Domain
 We can understand the concept of unique factorization domain if we understand the
following concepts.
 Integral Domain
 Irreducible Element
Integral Domain

 A ring (R,+-) is said to be integral domain id R is commutative ring with

unity without zero divisor
Irreducible Elements

Let R is commutative ring with unity and let a€R is called irreducible elements if
 a is non unit (a-1 does not exists)
 a≠0
 If a=bc then either b is unit or c is unit.
Note:
Both b and c can’t be unit
 Definition of Unique Factorization
An integral Domain with unity is called “UFD” or unique factorization domain if
 Either every non-zero element is unit
 Every non zero , non-unit element is the product of finite no of irreducible elements.
 If a≠0,a is non-unit such that a=p1,p2,…….pr = q1,q2……….qs
Where pi and qs are irreducible elements then r=s and after relabeling pi associate of qj
(Uniqueness property)
Example
Consider the ring (z,+-) is it a UFD
Solution .
(z,+,-) is a factorization domain
Since z={0,+-1,+-2}
Now we are to show that non-zero element of z can be written in the product of finite irreducible element.
Let 2€z
2=1.2
2=2.1
2=(-1)(-2)
2=(-2)(-1)
Hence, the order is same and they are associate of each other.
Proposition

 Proposition-1
 Proposition-2
Proposition-1

Every f € id is a UDF
Proof
Let f be a field
F is integral domain and f has unity(Every field is an id)
Every non-zero element of f is unit and therefore first condition of UDF is satisfied
i-e every non-zero element of f is unit
Therefore field f is a UDF
Therefore every field is a UDF
Proposition-2

 In UFD an element is prime iff it is irreducible.

Proof
Let UFD be R
Let a € R be a prime element (R is an integral domain with unity).
A is an irreducible element.
 Conversely:
Suppose a € R be irreducible then a is non-zero and non-unit.
let a/bc
To prove either a/b or a/c.
Bc=ak for some k
Case 1

b is unit
c=akb-1=a(kb-1)
c=a(kb-1)
c=a/c
Case 2

c is unit then
b=akc-1
b=a(ck-1)=a/b
Case 2

B and c both are non-units

Now we are to prove for k either k is unit or k is non-unit.
K is unit
a=bck-1=b(ck-1)
a is irreducible element
b is unit or ck-1 is unit
ck-1 is unit
ck-1 is unit and k is unit
(ck-1)k = c(kk-1)=c is unit here, contradiction arise
Therefore k is non-unit.
Since R is UFD
B=p1,p2……..pr
C=q1,q2……...qs (pi’s,qi’s and ti’s are irreducible element)
K=t1,t2………..tn
bc=(p1p2……..pr)(q1q2………qs)=ak
=a(t1t2……..tn)
bc=p1p2……..pr.q1q2………qr=at1t2……tn
Now α is an element having two representation as product of irreducible element
 By definition of UFD, each element is one representation is an associate of some element is another representation.
 a is an associate of some pi or some qi
a~pi
U
a=pi
Where u is unit in R
a/pi
a/p1p2….pr=b
a/b
And if a~qi where v is unit in R
Application of unique Factorization Domain

 Unique factorization domain is characterized by two properties

 One property the so called ascending chain condition for principle ideas implies the
existence of irreducible factorization.
 The other property that irreducible elements are prime, ensure the essential uniqueness of
irreducible factorization.
Thank you