Introduction to

qualitative
study
Week 1
Qualitative Research?

Dalam Penyelidikan
• To better understandKualitatif
human
behavior and experience
• Qualitative research = a study that
uses qualitative data or information
to interpret phenomena that occur in
society.
• “Focus on the phenomena that
occur in natural settings”
• Data was collected from the
perspective of the study
participants.
When to Use Qualitative Research?
1. A problem or issue needs to be explored.
2. Need to study a group or population, identify variables that can then be measured,
or hear silenced voices.
3. Need a complex, detailed understanding of the issue
4. When we want to empower individuals to share their stories, hear their voices, and
minimize the power relationships that often exist between a researcher and the
participants in a study.
5. When we want to write in a literary, flexible style that conveys stories, Of theater, or
poems, without the restrictions of formal academic' structures of writing. We
conduct qualitative research because we want to understand the contexts or
settings in which participants in a study address a problem or issue
6. To follow up quantitative research and help explain the mechanisms or linkages in
causal theories or models.
7. To develop theories when partial or inadequate theories exist for certain
populations and samples or existing theories do not adequately capture the
complexity of the problem we are examining.
Qualitative inquiry is for the researcher who
is willing to do the following:
Engage in the complex,
time-consuming process
of data analysis through
the

01 02
ambitious task, of sorting
Commit to extensive time through large amounts of
in the field. data and reducing them
to a few themes or
categories.
participate in a form of
social and human science

03 Write long passages,.

04 research that does not
have
firm guidelines or
specific procedures and is
evolving and constantly
changing
QUALITATIVE V.'S QUANTITATIVE
 Philosophical Assumptions

Ontological
What is the nature of reality?.
Axiological
What is the roles of values?
Epistemological
What is the relationship between the
researcher and that being
researched?

Rhetorical
Methodological What is the language of
What is the process of research? research?
The Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
2. Researcher as key 3. Multiple sources
1. Natural setting instrument of data.
Qualitative researchers The qualitative researchers Typically gather multipIe
tend to collect data in the collect data themselves forms of data, such as
field at the site where through examining interviews, observations,
participants' experience the documents, observing and documents
issue or problem under behavior, and interviewing
study participants
4. Inductive data 5. Participants'
analysis. meanings. 6. Emergent design
Qualitative researchers focus on learning the The initial plan for research
build their patterns, meaning that the cannot be tightly pre-
categories, and themes participants hold about the scribed, and that all phases
from the "bottom-up," problem or issue, of the process may change
or shift after the
researchers enter the field
and begin to collect data
The Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
8. i nterpretive
inquiry.
7.Theoretical lens Qualitative 9. Holistic account
Use a lens to view their Researchers make an Qualitative researchers try
studies, such as the interpretation of what they to develop a complex
concept of culture, central see, hear, and understand. picture of the problem or
to ethnography, or issue under study
gendered, racial, or class
differences from the Concern with process =
theoretical orientations Qualitative researchers are
discussed concerned with process
rather than simply with
outcomes or products.
( e.g; what is the natural
history of the activity or
events under study?)
The Characteristics of Qualitative Research
10. Descriptive data = Qualitative research is descriptive.

● The data collected take the form of words or pictures

rather than numbers.
● The written results of the research contain
quotations from the data to illustrate and
substantiate the presentation.
● The data include interview transcripts, field notes,
photographs, videotapes, personal documents,
memos and other official records.
5 COMMON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS & DISCIPLINES / RELATED FIELDS

Reka Bentuk Disiplin / Bidang

1. Case study Social Sciences / Education
2. Content Analysis Social Sciences (psychology, history, art),
education
3. Phenomenology Social Sciences / Sociology / Psychology /
Nursing

4. Ethnography Social Sciences/ Education/ Psychology/

Nursing
5. Grounded Theory Social Sciences / Sociology / Psychology /
Nursing
 OTHER QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
& RELATED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS

Reka Bentuk Disiplin / Bidang

6. Contents Analysis Social Sciences /
7. Philosophical Social Sciences /
8. Historical Social Sciences / Education / Sociology / Nursing

9. Descriptive Social Sciences / Education

10. Exploratory Social Sciences/ Education/ Sociology

11. Ecological Psychology Education
12. Cognitive Anthropology Education
13. Holistic Ethnography Education
 1. DIMENSION FOR CASE STUDY
Focus Developing an in-depth analysis of a single case or multiple cases
Discipline origin Political science, sociology, evaluation, urban studies, Islamic studies, other social
sciences
Data collection Multiple sources :-
 documents; archival records; Interviews; observations; physical artifacts

Data analysis Description; / Themes; / Assertions (statements)

Narrative form Method of description - In-depth study of a ‘case’ or ‘cases’

General structure  Entry vignette (essay/ picture/ scene)

of study  Introduction (problem statement; research questions, case study; data collection;
analysis; outcomes)
 Description of the case (s) and its (their) contexts
 Development of issues
 Detail about selected issues
 Assertions (state something in strong and definite way, and demand people to
accept, believe or respect)
 Closing vignette
(Adapted from Stake, R. 1995. The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.)
 2. DIMENSION FOR BIOGRAPHY
Focus Exploring the life of an individual
Discipline origin Anthropology; Literature; History; Psychology; Sociology
Data collection Primarily interviews and documents
Data analysis  Stories
 Epiphanies (true stories of sudden insight to inspire or encourage)
 Historical content

Narrative form Method of description - Detailed picture of an individual’s life

General structure  Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
of study  Research procedures (a biography, significance of individual, data
collection, analysis outcomes)
 Report of objective experiences
 Individuals theorize about their lives
 Narrative segments identified
 Patterns of meaning identified (events, processes, epiphanies, themes)
 Summary
(Adapted from Denzin, N. K. 1989. Interpretive interactionism. Newbury Park, CA: sage.)
 3. DIMENSION FOR PHENOMENOLOGY
Focus Understanding the essence of experiences about a phenomenon
Discipline origin Philosophy; sociology; psychology
Data collection Long interviews with up to 10 people
Data analysis  Statements
 Meanings
 Meaning themes
 General description of the experience
Narrative form Method of description - Description of the “essence” (real meaning) of the
experience
General structure of  Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
study  Research procedures (a phenomenology and philosophical assumptions, data
collection, analysis, outcomes)
 Significant statement
 Meanings of statements
 Themes of meanings
 Exhaustive description of phenomenon
(Adapted from Moustakas, C. 1994. Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, C.A.: Sage.)
 4. DIMENSION FOR ETHNOGRAPHY
Focus Describing and interpreting a cultural and social group
Discipline origin Cultural ethnography; sociology
Data collection Primarily observations and interviews with additional artifacts during extended time
in the field (e.g. 6 month to a year)
Data analysis  Description
 Analysis
 Interpretation

Narrative form Description of the cultural behavior of a group or an individual

General structure of  Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
study  Research procedures (ethnography, data collection, analysis, outcomes)
 Description of culture
 Analysis of cultural themes
 Interpretation, lessons learned, questions raised
(Adapted from Wolcott, H.F.1994. Transforming qualitative data : Description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks: Sage.)
 5. DIMENSION FOR GROUNDED THEORY

Focus Developing a theory grounded in data from the field

Discipline origin Sociology
Data collection Interviews with 20-30 individuals to “saturate” categories and detail a theory

Data analysis  Open coding

 Axial coding
 Selective coding
 Conditional matrix
Narrative form Method of description - Theory or theoretical model
General structure of  Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
study  Research procedures (grounded theory, data collection, analysis, outcomes)
 Open coding
 Axial coding
 Selective coding and theoretical propositions and models
 Discussion of theory and contrasts with extant literature.
(Adapted from Strauss & Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.)
 6. DIMENSION FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS
Focus Developing an in-depth analysis of texts
Discipline origin Education, Communication, Islamic studies, other social sciences

Data collection Multiple sources :-

 documents; archival records; Interviews; social media

Data analysis Description; / Themes; / Assertions (statements)

Narrative form Method of description - In-depth study of large bodies of texts

General structure  Entry vignette (essay/ article/ book / transcription of interview)

of study  Introduction (problem statement; research questions; data collection; analysis; outcomes)
 Description of the texts and its contexts
 Description of texts
 Analysis of textual themes
 Establish pattern of texts (themes)
 Summary
(Hsieh, H.F. & Shannon, S. E. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15
(9):1277-1288)
Content Analysis
Content Analysis is a detailed systematic examination of
the content of a particular body of material for the
purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or biases.

Typically performed on forms of human communication

Books Newspaper. Films Television

Content Analysis are found in a wide variety of disciplines,

including psychology, history, art, education, journalism
and political science

Leedy & Ormrod (2005)

data collection techniques in qualitative
research

01 Interview

02 observation

03 Document Analysis
Data Collection Process
(Cresswell, 1998)

7. Store the data

1. Identify sites / individuals

6. Resolve field
issues

Cresswell
(
2. Get Access and
, 1998)
build rapport

5. Recording data

3. Sampling e.g Purposive Sampling

4. Collecting data
 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA

Interview
Picture
File/Records
Social Media
Web pages
Video
Map
Field notes
Check List
 ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR QUALITATIVE
DATA
Thematics Analysis
Narrative Analysis
Chronological-Historical Analysis
Comparative Analysis
Domain Analysis

Tools or software used for qualitative data analysis : eg. Nvivo, Atlas.ti, QDA Miner