Biology

SHAZA BASSAM
Grade :12 A
Quarter 3
Integumentary System

• Integumentary system components and functions

• Difference between skin layers' structures and functions

• Most common skin diseases, burns and cancers.

• Diagram on skin layers

Integumentary system components

Your integumentary system is your body's outer layer.

It's made up of your skin, nails, hair and the glands and
nerves on your skin
Integumentary resistance functions
• Protection: The skin and hair provide a barrier against harmful substances,
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, and temperature extremes.

• Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that detect touch, pressure, pain,
heat, and cold.

• Temperature regulation: The skin can sweat and widen blood vessels to
regulate body temperature.
• Waste excretion: The skin eliminates some wastes through sweat.

• Vitamin D production: When exposed to UV Light from the sun, the skin
produces vitamin D, which is important for bone health.
 Skin layers’ structures & functions

The surface layer The inner

1.EPIDERMIS Consists of layer

1.EPIDERMIS

 The outer superficial layers of skin is the epidermis.

 It consists of several layers of epithelial cells, the most important one are :
A) The surface layer
• It consists of dead (non-living) cells that are full of a horny substance called keratin
which works on protecting the body against the invasion of microbes.

• It arises from the migration of the inner epidermal layer cells (which are responsible
for its formation) to the outer surface, then die.

• It is worn out and continually compensated from the beneath layer, subjected to
friction (on wiping your face or body with a towel or rubbing your hands together).
B) The inner layer
• It consists of living cells that continually are dividing by mitosis to replace
cells that are lost or die

• This process takes about 28 days

• The skin colour differs from one person to another, this is because the
pigment cells that exist in the inner layer of the epidermis produce unequal
quantities of melanin granules, which acquire the skin its colour and these
quantities are different from person to another.

• Some cells in the inner layer of the epidermis provide protection from
ultraviolet radiation by making a pigment called melanin
The epidermis on the fingers and palms of your hands and on the
toes and soles of your feet contains ridges and grooves that are
formed before birth.

These ridges increase friction, Each person has a unique pattern of

ridges and grooves. Because these patterns are unique, footprints
and fingerprints can be used to identify individuals.
 Sweet and Hair follicles and Sensory
Blood
2.DERMIS Contains sebaceous glands hair muscle nerve
vessels
endings

2.DERMIS

• It lies beneath (follows) the epidermis, consists mainly of connective tissues

 A)Sweat gland

• It is the functional unit of excretion in skin.

• It consists of a thin tube that is coiled around itself, and reaches the skin
surface (in the epidermal layer)through pores called "sweat pores“

• Its function :
It extracts the sweat (water, salts and small amount of nitrogenous wastes) from
the blood and this sweat is evaporated on the skin surface, to decrease the body
temperature.
B) Hair
• It consists of a hair follicle surrounded by many blood capillaries.

• It is connected with an erector muscle to move it, when it contracts.

• Near its free end (or around it), there is a sebaceous(fat) gland which produces
an oily secretion,

• To : - Facilitate the exit of hair from the skin.

- Keep the hair soft and pliable
c) Sensory nerve endings

• They respond to touch, pain, pressure and temperature

Below the dermis layer is the subcutaneous layer, a layer of

connective tissue that stores fat and helps the body retain heat.
 Most common skin diseases, burns and cancers.

• Skin burns : - A burn is an injury to the skin or other organic tissue

primarily caused by heat ordure to radiation, radioactivity, electricity,
friction or contact with chemicals. Thermal(heat) burns occur when
some or all of the cells in the skin or other tissues are destroyed by:
hot liquids
 Classification of burns
Severity of burn Damage Effect

First-degree Cells in the epidermis are injured and • .Redness and swelling
may die • Mild pain
Second-degree Cells deeper in the epidermis die. • Blisters
Cells in the dermis are injured and • Pain
may die
Third-degree Cells in the epidermis and dermis die. Skin function lost
Neve cells and muscles cells are Healthy skin needs to be
injured transplanted
No pain because of nerve cell
damage
Skin cancer :– the abnormal growth of skin cells - most often
develops on skin exposed to the sun. But this common form of
cancer can also Occur on areas of your skin not ordinarily exposed
to sunlight.

Skin cancer

Non-
Melanoma
Melanoma
 Melanoma Skin Cancer

 Melanoma (also called malignant melanoma) is the most serious type of skin
cancer. It affects young adults as well as older people.
 It can be caused by too much sun exposure, but sometimes even people who
haven't had much sun get melanoma too.
 The treatment is mainly surgical: the melanoma is cut out. Unfortunately other
treatments that are used for other cancers, like chemotherapy and radiotherapy,
don't work for melanoma.
 Melanoma starts in cells in the skin called melanocytes. These cells are in the deep layer
of the epidermis between the layer of basal cells.

 Melanocytes make a pigment called melanin. This gives skin its natural colour. The
pigment helps to protect the body from ultraviolet light (UV radiation) from the sun.

 UV radiation can cause sunburn. This is a sign of damage to the genetic material (DNA) in
skin cells. Over time, enough DNA damage can cause cells to grow out of control and lead
to cancer
 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer

 Non-melanoma skin cancer refers to a group of cancers that slowly develop in the upper layers
of the skin.

 The term non-melanoma distinguishes these more common types of skin cancer from the less
common skin cancer known as melanoma, which can be more serious.

 It affects more men than women and is more common in the elderly.

 Non-melanoma skin cancer most often develops on areas of skin regularly exposed to the sun,
such as the face, ears, hands, shoulders, upper chest and back.