Early Childhood of

Preschoolers
Physical and Cognitive development
Physical development
• The pre-school years is also known as “The years
before formal schooling begins. It covers 3-5 years
old.
• At this stage, the child achieves several milestones in
life which also serve as basic foundation of learning
and development.
Developmental Milestones

• Skills such as naming colors, showing

affection, and hopping on one foot are called
developmental milestones. Developmental
milestones are things most children can do
by a certain age. Children reach milestone in
how they play, learn, speak, behave, and
move (like crawling, walking or jumping).
Developmental Milestones
• As children grow into early childhood their world will
begin to open up. They will become more independent
and begin to focus more on adults and children outside
of the family. They will want to explore and ask about
the things around them even more. Their interactions
with family and those around them will help to shape
their personality and their own ways of thinking and
moving. During this stage, children should be able to
ride a tricycle, use safety scissor, notice a difference
between girls and boys, help to dress and undress
Positive Parenting Tips
Following are some of the things you, as a parent, can do to
help your preschooler during this time:
• Continue to read to your child, Nurture her love for books by
taking her to the library or bookstore.
• Let your child help with simple chores.
• Encourage your child to play with other children.( This helps
him to learn the value of sharing and friendship)
• Be clear and consistent when disciplining your child. Explain
and how the behavior that you expect from her.
Positive Parenting Tips
• Help your child develop good langue skills by speaking
to him complete sentences and using “grown up”
words. Help him to use the correct words and phrases.
• Help your child through the steps to solve problems
when she is upset.
• Give your child a limited number of simple choices (for
example, deciding what to wear, when to play, and what
to eat for snack).
Significant changes in physical growth
• At this stage, preschoolers move, from the remaining baby- like
features, toward a more slender appearance of a child.
• The child of about this age has its center of gravity at the lower level,
right at the belly button, which makes it easier for them to balance
themselves.
5 – 6 years old preschooler
• At this stage around 5 – 6 years, it is the best time to learn skills which
requires balance such as biking and skating.
Gross and fine Motor Development
• Gross Motor development refers to acquiring
skills that involve the large muscles.
• It is divided into three category:
• Locomotor
• Non-Locomotor
• Manipulative Skills
Locomotor

• These are skills which involve going from

one place to another like walking, running,
climbing, skipping, hopping, creeping,
galloping and dodging.
Non-locomotor
• These are the skills wherein the child stays in
place like bending, stretching, turning and
swaying
Manipulative Skills

•These skills involve’ projecting and

receiving objects like throwing,
bouncing, catching and dribbling.
Fine Motor development

•Refers to acquiring the ability to use

the smaller muscles in the arms,
hands and finger purposefully.
Types of activity for preschooler-aged
children
Types of activity for preschooler age are divided
into three categories:
• Strong Heart
• Strong muscles
• Strong Bones
Strong Heart
Do activities that get our heart beating faster. Some examples
include:
• Game such as tug or follow the leader
• Playing on a playground
• Tricycle or bicycle riding
• Walking, running, skipping, jumping, dancing
• Swimming
• Catching, throwing or kicking games
• Gymnastics or tumbling
Strong Muscles

Do activities that make your muscles work

harder than usual. Some examples include:
• Games such as tug of war
• Climbing on playground equipment
• Gymnastics
Strong Bones
Do activities the produce pressure to help bones
get stronger. Some example include:
• Hopping, skipping, jumping
• Jumping rope
• Running
• Gymnastics
Preschoolers’ Artistic Development

• At the heart of the preschool years is their

interest to draw and to make other forms of
artistic expression.
Preschoolers’ Nutrition and Sleep
• The preschoolers’ nutritional status is the result of what
nutrients he or she actually take in checked against the
nutritional requirement for his or her age. Obviously
having too much and too little of something both have
negative effects.
• It is important for preschoolers’ to get sufficient amount
of rest and sleep
• They benefit from about 10 – 12 hours of sleep each day.
Healthy bodies
• Eat meals with your child whenever possible. Let your child see your
enjoying eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains at meals and snacks.
• Keep television sets out of your child’s bedroom. Set limits for screen
time for your child to no more than 1 hours per day of quality
programming at home school, or afterschool care and develop a media
use plan for your family.
• Provide your child with age – appropriate play equipment, like balls and
plastic bats, but let your preschooler choose what to play.
• Make sure your child gets the recommended amount of sleep each
night.
Cognitive early childhood development
• A child’s ability to expel and think about the world
around them helps them to develop wonderful
problem solving skills. The materials provided help
stimulate preschoolers’ minds and support Cognitive
development.
• The primary cognitive processes are attention,
memory, trial and error, cause and effect, reason and
problem solving, and prediction/estimation.
Key points
• Play is important for preschooler cognitive
development.
• Preschooler often ask a lot of question and start
understanding more complex concepts.
• Preschoolers learn best when you let them lead play.
• Play ideas for preschooler cognitive development
include reading, board and memory games, building
games and outside play.
Preschooler play and cognitive development

• That is, your child’s ability to think,

understand, communicate, remember, image
and work out what might happen next.
Expectation of preschooler cognitive
development
With time, experience and practice, preschoolers will probably:
• Start to organize games and make friends
• Start to understand concepts like ‘bigger’ and ‘taller’
• Ask a lot of question, especially ‘why’
• Start to develop a sense of humor and delight in jokes and riddles
• Develop some concept of time
• Start negotiating with you if there’s something they want
• Start predicting what will happen next – for example( in a story)
• Still not understand what’s real and what’s pretend.
Play ideas for encouraging preschooler
cognitive development
• Play board games like ‘Snakes and ladders with your child,
or card.
• Read books and tell jokes and riddles
• Encourage stacking and building games or play with
cardboard boxes.
• Do jigsaw puzzles and memory games.
• Play games that combine moving and singing – for example
(If you’re happy and you know it).
• Encourage your child to help you with cooking
Digital technology use and preschooler
cognitive development
• Choose good – quality apps, games and other
media.
• Use screen and digital technology with your child.
• Help your child manage screen time and digital
technology use.
• And remember – healthy screen time and digital
technology use is all about balance.
Social Early childhood development

• Another ingredient to nourish and support

the development of young children is
appropriate interactions with other people.
This supports children’s social development
Emotional early childhood development
• Children who are supported in their attempt to learn
new things realize they are capable beings and try
more and more new things. The more they succeed the
more likely they will develop positive self-esteem.
• The ability to recognize and respond to these help
your preschoolers learn how to develop positive social
relationships, important to their emotional
development.
Language Development
• Language and literacy refers a child’s
understanding of the spoken work and their
communication skills and ability to express
themselves. It helps improve their interaction
improving their self-regulation and behavior
management.
Common child health issues
• Allergies
• Asthma
• Colds
• Conjunctivitis
• Food intolerances
• Gastroenteritis
• Hand, foot and mouth disease
• Impetigo
• Lice or nits
• Warts
• worms
Child health tips
• Make sure immunization are up to date
• Use medication only as needed, recommended or
prescribed
• Keep your child air clean
• Hygiene
• Brush twice a day
Thank you for listening!