Unit 1: Nature of Quantitative Research

Lesson 2
Types of Quantitative Research

Practical Research 2
Senior High School Applied - Academic
Have you ever
looked around
and wondered
how things are
related to one
another?

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 ● Identify the different types of
quantitative research.
Learning ● Explain the characteristics of
Objectives each type of quantitative
At the end of the research.
lesson, you should be
able to do the
following: ● Apply the types of quantitative
research that is appropriate for
each specific field.
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What keywords come to your mind when you
hear the words

survey?
experiment?
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 How would you
describe a
survey and an
experiment
based on the
common key
words you
listed?

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 Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is defined as “a means

for testing objective theories by examining the
relationship among variables” (Creswell, 2009).

Quantitative research may either be

correlational or causal.
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 In general, quantitative research
focuses on the following:
● collection of observable and
Quantitative measurable data
Research ● standardized data collection
instruments
● statistical techniques in data
analysis

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Correlational Research Causal Research

Correlational research Causal research looks at causes

involves identifying and effects.
relationships between A causation refers to “the
two variables. claim that a change in one
A correlation is “a variable creates a change in
statistical measure of another variable” (Vanderstoep
association between two and Johnston, 2009).
variables” (Vanderstoep
and Johnston, 2009).
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What is the difference between
correlation and causation?

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 Correlational research looks at the
following:
● whether an association exists
between variables
Correlational
● the magnitude of the existing
Research
association between two
variables
● the direction of the association
between two variables
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 Example:
An example of correlational research is
the relationship between hours of sleep
and test scores among students. Based on
the main focus points of correlational
Correlational research, the following results are
Research possible:
● There is no significant relationship
between hours of sleep and test scores
among students.
● Higher test scores are related to more
hours of sleep among students.
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 Correlational research is often used
Application of in quantitative research in the
correlational social sciences (e.g., quantitative
research research in psychology, political
science, economics, etc.)

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 In psychology, correlational research is
used to look at patterns and associations
of human behavior.
Application of
correlational
An example is looking at whether there is
research
an association between the number of
hours a student spends on social media
and his/her academic performance.

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 In economics, correlational research may
also be used to determine what affects, or
Application of is affected, by certain economic variables.
correlational
research An example is looking at the relationship
between the foreign exchange rates and
the credit rating of a particular country.

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 In political science, correlational
research may also be used to study
whether an association exists between
Application of different political variables.
correlational
research An example is looking at the relationship
between crime rate and the number of
votes a politician garnered during an
election.

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Remember

While correlational quantitative

research can determine whether
a relationship exists between two
variables, it does not say that one
variable causes the other.

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 Causal Causal research deals with cause
Research and effect.

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 Example:
Examining the cause and effect
relationship between a food ingredient
and the rate of decay of a food sample.
Causal
Research A possible research study based on this
example can examine how an additional
unit of the food ingredient (cause) leads
to faster decay of the food sample
(effect).

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 Causal research is often used in
Application of
studying the natural sciences (e.g.,
causal
research biology, chemistry, physics, etc.),
but it is not exclusive to this field.

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 In chemistry, causal research is applied in
Application of the conduct of chemical experiments to
causal see whether a change in the quantity of
research one substance affects the characteristics
of another substance.

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 Survey Research
Survey research is a
correlational type of
quantitative research.
This design makes use of
a questionnaire as its
main data collection tool.
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Experimental Research
Experimental research is aimed
at causation. With the use of
the cause-and-effect logic, it
looks at whether the
application of a treatment,
known as an intervention,
causes an effect on the sample
being experimented on
(Creswell, 2009; Leavy, 2017).
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Survey Research

Main components:

Population Data analysis

Survey Survey
and and
design instrument interpretation
sample

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Survey Research

Survey design
● It may be cross-sectional or longitudinal.
● A cross-sectional survey acquires information at
one point in time.
● A longitudinal survey acquires information at
multiple points in time to compare, contrast, and
assess changes in responses.

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Survey Research

Population and sample

● A population is a general group of people with
similar characteristics.
● A sample is a subgroup of the population that is
chosen, either randomly or purposively, to
participate in the survey research.

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Survey Research

Survey instrument
● It is also called the questionnaire.
● It contains closed-ended questions with fixed
answers that will be given to the selected sample.
● Survey questions may ask about behavior,
attitudes/beliefs/opinions, characteristics,
expectations, self-classification, or knowledge.

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Survey Research

Survey question category Sample question

Behavior How frequently do you use social media

applications?

Attitudes/beliefs/opinions What do you think about animal therapy?

Characteristics What is your highest educational

attainment?

Expectations Do you plan to visit a coffee shop in the

next two weeks?

Self-classification Do you consider yourself socially aware of

current events and issues?

Knowledge Who is your student council batch

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Survey Research

Data analysis and interpretation

● The analysis is both descriptive and inferential.
● A descriptive analysis provides a general report
of the results of the survey which may include
frequencies or average scores.
● An inferential analysis makes comparisons
among the survey results to establish and explain
relationships.
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 Field of study Sample application of survey research

Medicine Patient preference for consultation schedules

Chemistry Most common chemical substances in high

school laboratory experiments

Application of Biology Most common inherited genetic diseases among

males
survey
Psychology Collection of demographic data (basic
research information) on experiment participants

Political science Voter preference in presidential elections

Economics Level of income per household

Culinary arts Level of satisfaction for a particular dish

Business Most preferred mobile phone brands

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Remember

The main components of a survey

research are the survey design,
population and sample, survey
instrument, and data analysis and
interpretation.

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Experimental Research

Experimental research is a type of quantitative

research aimed at causation.

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Experimental Research

Main components:

Stages of the
Respondents Variables Experimental
Procedure

Data analysis
Instrumentation Experimental
and materials
and
procedures
interpretation

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Experimental Research

Respondents
● The respondents in an experimental research are selected
and differentiated into groups.
● The experimental group receives the experimental
treatment or intervention.
● While the control group does not receive an intervention, it
is still a part of the experimental research to assess
similarities or differences with the results drawn from the
experimental group.
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Experimental Research

Variables
● The independent variable is the treatment
variable. It causes and explains the effect.
● The dependent variable is the outcome variable.
It is the effect. It is the response to the application
of or changes in the independent variable.

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Experimental Research

Stages of the Experimental Procedure

Actual
Pretest intervention
Posttest

This is the stage This is the conduct This is the stage

prior to the actual of the experiment or after the actual
intervention. There the application of intervention. It is the
is no interaction yet the intervention stage after the
between the itself. interaction of the
variables of the independent and
study. dependent
variables.

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Experimental Research

Instrumentation and materials

● Different research instruments and materials are
used in the pretest, posttest, or actual intervention
stages.
● An instrument in an experimental research is used
to record the observations at any stage of the
experiment.

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Experimental Research

Experimental procedures
They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group.

Pre-experimental design True experiment

● It studies and provides an ● It makes use of both experimental

experimental intervention to and control groups whose
a single experimental group. respondents are randomly
assigned.
● It does not make use of a ● Variants of true experiments differ
control group. according to the participation of the
experimental and control groups in
the different stages of procedure.
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Experimental Research
Experimental procedures
They differ according to the group studied and the actions done to the group.
Quasi-experiment
● It uses both experimental and
control groups.
● It differs from a true
experiment in that the
respondents are not randomly
assigned into groups.
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Single-subject design
● It only has a single individual as
the lone participant of the
experiment.
● The experiment proceeds by
observing the individual at
different experimental stages
and over time.
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Experimental Research

Data analysis and interpretation

● Similar to a survey research, results in
experimental research are analyzed in both a
descriptive and an inferential manner.
● What sets experimental research apart from
survey research is the overall goal of causation
and not correlation.

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 Field of study Sample application of experimental research

Medicine Effectiveness of vaccines

Chemistry Factors behind the speed of crystal formation

Biology Effects of a new brand of fertilizer on the growth of

crops
Application of
experimental Psychology Psychological experiment on the effects of
cooperation on team dynamics
research Political science Mock elections involving candidates with
predetermined characteristics and effects on the
number of votes won

Economics Simulation of buy-and-sell trading

Culinary arts Impact of a particular ingredient on nutritional value

Business Pilot study on a new business concept

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Tip

Remember the difference

between causation and
correlation in distinguishing
survey research and experimental
research.

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Remember

An experimental research is
composed of respondents,
variables, stages of the
experimental procedure,
instrumentation and materials,
experimental procedures, and
data analysis and interpretation.
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What other fields of study
can quantitative research be
applied to?

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Practice

Think of a relationship between two objects

and/or phenomena. Identify whether the
relationship can be analyzed through
correlation or causation.

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Correlational research looks at the relationship between
variables. It examines the association, magnitude, or
direction of the relationship between variables.

Causal research examines the changes in variables following

the cause and effect logic. It specifically looks at how one
variable is either the cause or the effect of the conditions of
another variable.

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 Quick Check

This type of survey research collects responses

from participants at one point in time.

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 Quick Check

This type of experimental research is focused

on a single group.

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Which survey question
category does this
question belong to:

What do you think

is the biggest
contributor to
climate change?

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 Wrap Up
Quantitative research
may be correlational or causal.

Correlational quantitative research

looks at relationships between the
independent and dependent variables.

Causal quantitative research

looks at causes and effects of a certain
phenomenon. 48
 Wrap Up

The types of quantitative research

include survey research and
experimental research.

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 Wrap Up
Survey Research Experimental Research

● survey design ● respondents

● population and ● variables
sample ● stages of the
experimental
● survey instrument
procedure
● data analysis and ● instrumentation and
interpretation materials
● experimental
procedures
● data analysis and
interpretation

Both survey research and experimental research are

applicable in various fields and disciplines of study.
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 Bibliography
Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches, 3rd ed. California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2009.

Gray, Paul S., John B. Williamson, David A. Karp, and John R. Dalphin. The Research
Imagination: An Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. New
York: Cambridge University Press. 2007.

Leavy, Patricia. Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-

Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. New York:
The Guilford Press. 2017.

Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches, 7th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited., 2014.

Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday
Life: Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass., 2009.
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