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Setya Wandita Slide - Clinical Problem of Late Preterm Infants
Setya Wandita Slide - Clinical Problem of Late Preterm Infants
Setya Wandita Slide - Clinical Problem of Late Preterm Infants
1. PROBLEM KLINIK
LATE PRETERM INFANT
TIM NUTRISI BAYI PREMATUR
UKK NEONATOLOGI, IDAI
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Tujuan
Umum
- Mengetahui problem late preterm infant (LPI)
Khusus
1. Mengetahui definisi LPI
2. Mengetahui epidemiologi LPI
3. Mengetahui problem klinis LPI
4. Mengetahui tumbuh kembang LPI
5. Mengetahui problem nutrisi LPI
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1. Definisi Late Preterm Infant
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1. Definisi LPI
• Late preterm infant: Usia gestasi 340/7-366/7
• Istilah lama: near term (2007).
(Stewart and Barfield, 2019. Updates on an At-Risk Population: Late-Preterm and Early-Term Infants; Karnati et al., Late preterm
infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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BBLC
BBLR
BBLSR
Haksari, 2016; Reference curves of birth weight, length, and head circumference for gestational ages in Yogyakarta, Indonesia;
Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020) .
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Berat lahir >2500 gram
LPI RSUP Dr. Sardjito, 2019
LPI 34 35 36
BBLER 1.3 0 0
BBLSR 15 10.6 4.7
BBLR 71.3 64.7 58.8
BBLC 11.3 22.4 36.5
BBLB 1.3 2.4 0
Delnord and Zeitlin, 2019, Epidemiology of late preterm and early term births – An international T perspective; DATA IMP 2019)
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Pemeriksaan fisik
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Epidemiologi LPI
• Kelahiran prematur global: 9,6% (2005)-11,1% (2010)
• 60% LPI
• LPI
• Eropa: 3,0-6,0%
• USA: 7,17 – 7,28 (meningkat)
• Trend meningkat di negara berkembang
• Indonesia?
(Shapiro-Mendoza and Lackritz, 2012. Epidemiology of late and moderate preterm birth.; Delnord and Zeitlin, 2019, Epidemiology of late preterm and early term
births – An international T perspective; Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Epidemiologi
(Ramachandrappa and Jain, 2015, Health Issues of the Late Preterm Infant)
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3. Problem klinik Late Preterm Infant
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Luaran jangka pendek
• Organ belum cukup matur
• Kelahiran LPI berkaitan dengan FR:
• Maternal
• Kehamilan
• Persalinan
• Janin
• Berkurang dengan bertambahnya usia gestasi
(Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Infeksi
• Faktor risiko
• Imaturitas imunitas bawaan dan respons imunologis
• Infeksi maternal
• Prosedur invasif.
• Insidens: SNAD 4,4/1000 admisi; SNAL: 6.30/1000 admisi
• Risiko kematian (versus BCB)
• SNAD gram negatif: OR 4,4 (1,7-11,2)
• SNAL: OR 3,4; (2,4-4,8)
SNAD: Sepsis Neonatorum Awitan Dini
SNAL: Sepsis Neonatorum Awitan Lambat
(Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Infeksi: OR dibandingkan bayi cukup bulan
(Reviu sistematik)
34 minggu 35 minggu 36 minggu
Pneumonia 8,0 7,0 3,7
Meningitis NA 36 25,3
Sepsis work up 7,1 4,4 2,1
Sepsis (biakan +) 11,7 2,5 2,2
EKN 23,7 7,1 2,5
(Teune,; 2011 . A systematic review of severe morbidity in infants born late preterm)
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IVH, PVL
• Kejadian IVH dan PVL rendah (>BCB)
• Faktor risiko
• Korioamnionitis
• Instabilitas kardiovaskular
• Gangguan hipoksik-iskemik
• OR: 4,9 (2,1-11,7).
• IVH 1-2: IVH: Intraventricular hemorrhage
• 34 minggu: 0.5% PVL: Periventricular leucomalsia
• 35 minggu: ,0.2%
• 36 minggu: 0.06%
• IVH 3-4 sangat jarang (LPI vs term: 0.01% vs. 0.004%)
(Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Lama rawat inap di RS
• Berkorelasi negatif dengan umur kehamilan
• 34 minggu: 6,1 hari
• 35 minggu: 5,8 hari
• 36 minggu: 3,8 hari
• Lama rawat 3 hari: 42,7%
• Faktor-faktor
• Berat lahir <2.500 g: 1,36 (1.3–1,4)
• Laki-laki: 1,06 (1,05–1,07)
• SC: 1,46 (1,41–1,51)
• Kehamilan ganda: 1,08 (1,06–1,09)
Aly et al., 2014, Factor affecting length of stay in late preterm infants: an US national database study; Stewart and Barfield , 2019. Updates on an At-Risk Population:
Late-Preterm and Early-Term Infants
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Kunjungan RS: IGD pasca-rawat inap
Masa neonatal
• IGD:
• Prevalens: 17,7%
• Risiko: 1,2 (1,1-1,3)
• Kebanyakan perlu rawat inap
• Problem utama:
• Pemberian minum
• Respirasi
• Demam
• Ikterus (Karnati et al., 2020 Late preterm infants: Changing trends and continuing challenges)
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Readmisi
• Prevalens: OR 1,7-2,9 vs BCB
• 34 mingg: 5,5%
• 35 minggu: 6,9%
• 36 minggu: 5,8%
• Penyebab utama:
• Ikterus/minum: 2,4 (2,3-2,6)
• Infeksi: 1,7 (1,5-1,8)
(Stewart and Barfield , 2019. Updates on an At-Risk Population: Late-Preterm and Early-Term Infants;
Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Rawat inap (ulang)
• Pasca-neonatal:
• 3,5 vs 2,0
• ISPA bawah, masalah saluran cerna
(Ramachandrappa and Jain, 2015, Health Issues of the Late Preterm Infant; Karnati et al., 2020. Late preterm infants e Changing
trends and continuing challenges)
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4. Tumbuh kembang Late Preterm Infant
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Tumbuh Kembang
• Otak
• 34-40 minggu: Tumbuh cepat
• 34 minggu: 65% cukup bulan
• Trimester III: proliferasi dan sinaptogenesis neuron cepat
• rentan terhadap injuri
• Faktor risiko
• Episode hipoksia
• Nutrisi tidak adekuat
• Inflamasi maternal
• Peningkatan gangguan tumbuh kembang LPI
(Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Tumbuh Kembang
Stewart and Barfield , 2019. Updates on an At-Risk Population: Late-Preterm and Early-Term Infants
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Tumbuh Kembang
• Keterlambatan perkembangan:
• 12.2 VS 9,2 per 1000 LH
• OR: 1,36 (1,11-1,66)
• MDI (versus bayi cukup bulan):
• Skor: 85 versus 89
• <70: 21% versus 16%
• PDI (versus bayi cukup bulan):
• Skor 88 versus 92;
• <70: 6,1% versus 6.5%
(Woythaler, 2019; Neurodevelopmental outcomes of the late preterm infant; Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing
trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Tumbuh Kembang
• Gangguan perilaku
• Dibandingkan BCB
• Kognitif lebih rendah
• LPI 3x IQ <85
• Palsi serebral: 3x
• Keterlambatan bicara RR: 1,36 (1,23-1,50)
• Bahasa: 5 bulan, 20 bulan, 4 tahun, 6 tahun, 8 tahun lebih
lambat
(Woythaler, 2019; Neurodevelopmental outcomes of the late preterm infant; Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing
trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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USIA SEKOLAH
• TK-SD
• Prestasi sekolah tidak bagus pada
• Tahun pertama 59%- 51%.
• Tahun ketiga: performa jelek 36% dibandingkan CB.
• Korelasi positif dengan umur kehamilan
• Kesiapan sekolah (TK-SD), membaca, menulis matematika, bahasa
ekspresif
• Pendidikan khusus
• 30% lebih tinggi memerlukan dibandingkan CB
(Woythaler, 2019; Neurodevelopmental outcomes of the late preterm infant; Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends
and continuing challenges 2020)
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REMAJA DAN DEWASA
• IQ, kognitif lebih rendah
• >13% risiko gagal sekolah menengah
• Penyakit tidak menular: DM, asma, gangguan mental
• Mortalitas lebih tinggi
(Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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5. Problem nutrisi Late Preterm Infant
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Cadangan nutrien
Peningkatan penimbunan cepat pada 34-36 minggu – 40 minggu
• Protein
• Lemak
• Karbohidrat
• Mineral
• Trace element
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Nutrisi
• Cadangan nutrient belum optimal
• Energi, protein, lemak, mineral, trace element
• Kebutuhan energi tinggi
• Maturitas organ saluran cerna belum sempurna
• Morbiditas penyerta
• Infeksi
• Problem respirasi
• Enterokolitis nekrotikans
• Dll
(Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends and continuing challenges 2020)
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Problem pemberian minum
• Maturitas saluran cerna
• Kemampuan mengisap dan menelan
• Pengaturan bangun (alert-awake)
• Kontrol postur saat menyusu
• Motilitas usus
(Ramachandrappa and Jain, 2015; Health Issues of the Late Preterm Infant; Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends
and continuing challenges 2020)
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Problem pemberian minum
• Readmisi karena masalah pemberian minum:
• 4,4% LPI
• Meta-analisis: OR 6,5 (2,5-16,9)
• Perlu infus: 27% vs 5% (OR 6,5; 2,3–23)
• Perawatan lebih lama, NICU
• Masalah pertumbuhan dan morbiditas lain
(Ramachandrappa and Jain, 2015; Health Issues of the Late Preterm Infant; Karnati et a., Late preterm infants e Changing trends
and continuing challenges 2020)
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Air susu ibu
• IMD lebih rendah
• Lebih cepat berhenti diberi ASI
• ASI eksklusif: 74% vs 86% (p < 0,05)
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Terima kasih
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