It is human nature to seek

validation from others. The

human person does it every
day - seeking approval from
colleagues, friends and loved
Methods of ones on numerous topics. The
human person seeks validation
Philosophizing because he/she want to be
right, not wrong!
 Seeking the truth and
engaging themselves in a
way to reveal the truth and
fulfillment of the purpose of
the various stages of life and
Meaning of everything associated with it.

Philosophizing
Philosophizing is a kind of
discourse on reality. It is
essentially tied up with
man's openness towards the
reality which is being
verbalized (De Water, 2013).
It is a process of determining
the truth or drawing a
conclusion from a given
statement. It is not only
deepening an understanding
of something but also
expanding awareness about
how something can be
beneficial to us and to
others.
 Socratic
Methods of
Philosophizing
a process of Dialectical
determining the truth
or drawing a
conclusion from a
statement using Scientific
various philosophical
methods
Historical
 Socratic Method (Socratic dialogues or Socratic questioning)
Socrates, a Greek philosopher and teacher, provides us with a brilliant
method called the Socratic method or the method of “elenchus” which
means “to inquire or to examine.”

Socratic method is a form of a cooperative argumentative dialogue between

individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical
thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions

This method boils down to a few basic principles:

■ Take a claim and find other beliefs the person holds that contradict it
■ Indicate how the varying beliefs caused a contradiction
■ Eliminate negative hypotheses in the process
 Six Types of Socratic Questions
1. Questions for clarification:
Why do you say that?
How does this relate to our discussion?

2. Questions that probe assumptions:

What could we assume instead?
How can you verify or disapprove that assumption?

3. Questions that probe reasons and evidence:

What would be an example?
What is....analogous to?
What do you think causes to happen...? Why:?
4. Questions about Viewpoints and Perspectives:
What would be an alternative?
What is another way to look at it?
Would you explain why it is necessary or beneficial, and who benefits?
Why is the best?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of...?
How are...and ...similar?
What is a counterargument for...?

5. Questions that probe implications and consequences:

What generalizations can you make?
What are the consequences of that assumption?
What are you implying?
How does...affect...?
How does...tie in with what we learned before?

6. Questions about the question:

What was the point of this question?
Why do you think I asked this question?
What does...mean?
How does...apply to everyday life?
Dialectical Method
Georg Wilhelm F. Hegel, a 19th Century German philosopher, introduced the term
'dialectic’ (greek word) dialektike which means 'the art of conversation

The term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves

some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides

Propositions
= Counter- Synthesis

=
(theses) propositions
(antitheses)

Scientific Method
Latin word scientia, meaning
“to produce knowledge”
Francis Bacon,
Father of the English Essay,
the first to formalize the
concept of a truly scientific
method
Aims for measurable results through testing and
analysis. Science is based on facts, not opinions or
preferences
The process is designed to challenge ideas through
research. It is also called an empirical method, a
process of determining truth or knowledge through
experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
Leads to wisdom and truth because it uses an
evidence based approach to come up with its
conclusion
The knowledge and truth gained from the
scientific method are assured to come directly
from valid conclusions (Quipper School, 2016).
 Process of gathering pieces of evidence,
examining them, and formulating ideas
about the past to come up with present
Historical Method truths

Process of learning the truth is simply

Derived from through looking at past records to validate
the present hypothesis.
greek word iotopia
which means “to Reviewing what has been done in the past is
the primary method of looking at a solution
investigate" or "to for a problem at present (Quipper School,
2017)
find out.”
Accounts of the past are derived from
historical evidence
 Types of Historical Evidence

Primary Sources Secondary Sources

Consist of original documents, Contain useful information, but

artifacts, or other pieces of typically involve an analysis of
information that were created at the primary source material. Books and
time under study magazines are common examples of
secondary sources.
 Oral tradition, or oral history as it is also
called, is sometimes considered a primary
The Oral tradition source, although there is debate as to where
Stories that are not it theoretically fits as a source. In a lot of
written down but ways, it is in a class of its own
passed on verbally,
usually from an
eyewitness to Oral tradition is especially important to
succeeding historians studying various ethnic groups
generations.. whose history may not be well-documented
in writing
 Various forms of historical evidence allow
historians and other experts to gain insight
into the past and propose theories.
However, that does not always mean their
theories are necessarily correct, as we shall
see.

The historical method deals with examining

the past to come up with present truths.
This method does not accept logic as the
primary source of the truth. Instead, it
relies on factual information or evidence-
based conclusions to confirm a present idea
as the truth.
Analyzing TRUTH VS OPINION
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?
ref=search&v=406206300905762&external_log_id=b2dae35c-
c38e-4533-9e34-791d2851e50d&q=leni%20noli%20de
%20castro%20interview
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/philippines-country-with-highest-gold-reserves