Summary

1. HOWARD GARDNER
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
• Created by Dr. Howard Gardner in 1983
• Gardner’s theory places an emphasis on the idea
that the traditional understanding of intelligence
by means of IQ testing is far too limited.
Gardner introduced eight different types of
intelligences consisting of:
Logical/Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical,
Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Naturalist,
Interpersonal, Intrapersonal.
2. LEV VYGOTSKY (1896-1934)

Socio-cultural Theory
 Cultural transmission and development.
 Children could, perform certain cognitive actions
prior to arriving at a developmental stage
 Learning precedes development
 SCAFFOLDING- Vygotsky’s term for
“ the appropriate assistance given by the
teacher to assist the learner accomplish a
task.
Pedagogy creates learning processes that lead to ”
development.
The child is an active agent in his or her
educational process.
 3. CARL ROGERS

 Nondirective and Therapeutic learning

 • Established counseling procedures and methods for
facilitating learning.
 • Children’s perceptions influence their learning and
behavior in class.
 KEY TO LEARNING

*Curriculum is concerned with process, not product;

personal needs,
not subject matter, psychological meaning, not cognitive
scores.
School and Society

Society as a Source of Change

Society as Agents of Change
Knowledge as an Agent of Change
 4.JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980)

• Cognitive Development Theory has stages from

birth to maturity :
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operations and
Formal operations.
 • Keys to learning:
*Assimilation (Incorporation of new
experience
*Accommodation learning modification
and adaptation
*Equilibration balance between previous
and later learning.