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Intro Thermodynamics
Intro Thermodynamics
Intro Thermodynamics
Introduction
Definition of terms System -It is the term given to the collection of matter
under consideration enclosed within the boundary
Surrounding
-It is the region outside the boundary of the space and matter external to a system
Definition of Terms
Surrounding -sunlight,air System System Boundary
Definition of terms
Types of Systems Open System
-It is a system in which there is flow of matter through the boundary
Definition of terms
Types of Systems Closed system
-It is a system in which there is no transfer of matter across the boundary
Definition of terms
Types of Systems Isolated system
-It is a system in which neither mass nor energy cross the boundaries and it is not influenced by the surroundings
Definition of terms
State functions
-State functions, also called thermodynamic variables, state quantities, or a functions of state describe the momentary condition of a thermodynamic system.
Initial State
which a system goes from one state to another i.e., the sequence of intermediate states the total change in any state variable will be the same
2 Final State
Application-Building Structure
y Refrigeration Systems y Airconditioning Systems y Pump and Compressor systems y Heat Engines
Refrigeration System
Airconditioning System
Parts Identification
Evaporator-It is a device used to turn (or allow to turn) the liquid form of some chemical into its gaseous form. For example, an evaporator is used in an air conditioning system to allow the compressed cooling chemical (for example, Freon) to evaporate from liquid to gas, absorbing heat in the process.
Parts Identification
Condenser-It is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, typically by cooling it
Parts Identification
Compressor- is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume
Parts Identification
Expansion Valve-It is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator. Thermal expansion valves are often referred to generically as "metering devices"
Heat Engine
heat engine-It is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state
Heat Engines
Carnot heat engine is a hypothetical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle. The basic model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Lonard Sadi Carnot in 1824
Definition of terms
State functions
Pressure Temperature Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
occurs when a force is applied on a surface. pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area.
Area
Force
Definition of terms
Temperature
-It indicates the hotness or coldness of a body
Absolute zero
-It is the temperature at which the molecules stop moving
Absolute temperature
-It is the temperature measured from absolute zero
Pabs=Patm+Pgage
Definition of terms
Temperature(T)
-It indicates the hotness or coldness of a body
Absolute zero
-It is the temperature at which the molecules stop moving
Absolute temperature
-It is the temperature measured from absolute zero
Definition of terms
Volume(V)
-it refers to the volume of the working fluid in the system
Internal Energy(U)
It is the energy stored within the body. It is the sum of all the kinetic energies of all of its constituents particles plus the sum of all the potential energies of interaction among these particles
H=U + PV
where H = Enthalpy U= Internal Energy P=Absolute Pressure V= Volume
Definition of terms
Entropy(S)
-It is the measure of randomness of the molecules of the substance
Definition of terms
Process
-It describes that a system undergoes any change A thermodynamic process can be visualized by graphically plotting the changes to the system's state variables. These processes can be represented by the PV (Pressure Volume) Diagram and T-S( Temperature- Entropy) Diagram
Definition of terms
Isobaric Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein pressure stays constant
2 P 1 2 T 1
Definition of terms
Isochoric Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein volume stays constant
2 P 1 T 1 2
Definition of terms
Isothermal Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein temperature stays constant
P 1 T 2 V 1 2
Definition of terms
Isentropic Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein entropy stays constant
1 P 1 2 2 V S T
Law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other
Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
- It states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed
KE2 PE2 H2
Law of Thermodynamics
+Q -Q System
+W -W
Laws of Thermodynamics
y Heat Engine
low temperature reservoir and the high temperature reservoir. The performance of a heat engine is measured by its thermal efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of work output to heat input, i.e., = W/Q1, where W is the net work done, and Q1 is heat transferred from the high temperature reservoir. y Heat Pumps y Heat pumps transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir using external work, and can be considered as reversed heat engines.
Kevin Planck Statement - It is impossible to construct a heat engine which will operate continuously and convert all the heat it draws from a reservoir into work.
Laws of Thermodynamics
TH QH W System TL
Clausius Statement -It is impossible to construct a heat pump which will transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir without using external work.
TH
QH
QL System TL
Laws of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
A change in the entropy (S) of a system is the infinitesimal transfer of heat (Q) to a closed system driving a reversible process, divided by the equilibrium temperature (T) of the system
S= Q/T
Laws of Thermodynamics
Third Law of Thermodynamics
-The total entropy of pure substance approaches zero as the absolute thermodynamic temperature approaches zero As Tabs zero Stotal zero
Formula
Carnot Efficiency: e=(TH-TL)/TH=(QH-QL)/QH First Law of Thermodynamics: Q+KE1+PE1+H1=W+KE2+PE2+H2 Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Problems
1. A closed vessel contains air at a temperature of 30C. It was heated at 60C with pressure of 759 mm Hg, what is the initial pressure of the vessel 2. A heat engine is operated between limits of 1370C and 260C. Engine is supplied with 14,142 J. Find the Carnot efficiency. 3. A volume of 450 cm3 of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg and a temperature of 20 C.
Problems
1. A closed vessel contains air at a temperature of 30C. It was heated at 60C with pressure of 759 mm Hg, what is the initial pressure of the vessel 2. A heat engine is operated between limits of 1370C and 260C. Engine is supplied with 14,142 J. Find the Carnot efficiency. 3. A volume of 450 cm3 of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg and a temperature of 20 C.Find the moles of air
Problems
4. The thermal efficiency of a particular engine operating on an ideal cycle is 35%. Calculate the heat supplied per 4320 kJ of work developed. 5. Determine the average Cp value in kJ/kg-K of a 1 kg gas if 522 kJ of heat is necessary to raise the temperature from 300 K to 800 K making the pressure constant. 6. The enthalpy of air is increased by 140 J in a compressor. The mass of air is 1kg. The power input is 48 J. What is the heat loss from the compressor in J.
Problems
7. What is the maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle operating between 1200F and 225F. 8. A pressure gage registers 50 psig in a region where the barometer is 14.25 psia. Find the absolute pressure in psia. 9. An air compressor delivers 0.20 m3 of air at a pressure of 850 kPa and 31C into an air reservoir. Taking the gas constant R of air as .287 kJ/kg-K, calculate the mole of air delivered. 10. Gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the top boundary. The gas is heated and expands from a volume of 0.04m 3to 0.10m 3at a constant pressure of 200 kPa. Calculate the work done by the system