OVERVIEW OF

INTERNET OF THINGS
(IOT)
 The term…
 Kevin Ashton first proposed the concept of the Internet of
in 1999.

2
 Definitions
 Cluster of European RFID Project (CERP) defines in
2009.
 Internet of Things (IoT) is an integrated part of Future
Internet and could be defined as a dynamic global network
infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols
where physical and virtual “things” have identities,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into
the information network.

3
 Definitions
 Hua-Dong Ma ( 马 华 东 ), “Internet of things: Objectives and
scientific challenges,” Journal of Computer Science and
Technology, Vol. 26(6), pp.919-244, 2011.
 Based on the traditional information carriers including the Internet,
telecommunication network and so on, Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network that inter-connects ordinary physical objects with the
identifiable addresses so that provides intelligent services.

4
 Definitions
 The Internet of Things allows
people and things to be
connected Anytime, Anyplace,
with Anything and Anyone, ideally
using Any network and Any
service (6A).
 This implies addressing elements
such as Convergence, Content,
Collections (Repositories),
Computing, Communication, and
Connectivity (6C) in the context.

5
 Standard Developing Organizations

 ITU report in 2005: The Internet of Things.

 Describes the visions underlying the IoT
 Examines enabling technologies
 Explores the market potential
 Contemplates the challenges and wider
implications
 Sets out some of the benefits of IoT for
developing countries
 www.itu.int/internetofthings

6
 Standard Developing Organizations

 The Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things

(IoT-GSI) in ITU-T.
 Develop of technical standards enabling the Internet of
Things on a global scale (Recommendations).
 Participation from: industry, government entities and SDOs:
 ETSI M2M, GSC MSTF, ISO/IEC JTC1, TIA, AICTO,
ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, GISFI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, TTA,
TTC, IETF etc.

7
ARCHITECTURE
 Architecture of IoT
Application Merchandise Environment Intelligent Tele- Intelligent Smart
Layer Tracking Protection Search medicine Traffic Home

Cloud Computing
Platform

Network The Information

Layer Mobile
Internet Network
Telecom
Network

RFID Sensor GPS

Network
Sensing
Layer
RFID Label Sensor Nodes Road Mapper

9
 A Holistic Internet of Things Scenario Including
Companies, Public Institutions and People
 Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things, Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.

10
 Core Architecture
 Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things. Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.

11
 Edge Architecture
 Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things. Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.

12
CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics

14
 Characteristics
 Ordinary objects are instrumented.
 It means that ordinary objects such as cups, tables, screws, foods and
automobile tires can be individually addressed by means of being
embedded with chip, RFID, bar code and so on.
 Autonomic terminals are interconnected.
 It means that the instrumented physical objects are connected as
autonomic network terminals.
 Pervasive services are intelligent.
 In such an extensively-interconnected network, letting every object
participate in the service flow to make the pervasive service intelligent.
 For example, the sensor nodes of vehicle-carrying network or
human-carrying network can monitor the status of road or the body
of driver to obtain real-time information for guiding driving
behaviors.
 From: Hua-Dong Ma ( 马华东 ), “Internet of things: Objectives
and scientific challenges,” Journal of Computer Science and
Technology, Vol. 26(6), pp.919-244, 2011. 15
 Objectives of IoT
 More Extensive Interconnection
 Extensiveness in the quantity of devices.
 Extensiveness in the type of devices.
 Extensiveness in the connection mode.
 More Comprehensive Intelligent Service

16
 Objectives of IoT
 More Intensive Information Perception
 Non-uniformity: Data formats for temperature, humidity, audio,
video, and other information are different from each other.
 Inconsistency: There is inconsistent information due to the
distortion of space-time mapping.
 Inaccuracy: A range of information inaccuracies are often
caused by the variety of sampling methods and different
capabilities of the sensors.
 Discontinuities: Intermittent information availability is often
caused by the dynamic network transmission capacity.
 Incomprehensiveness: Incomplete sensing of information is
caused by the limitations of sensors.
 Incompleteness: Partial loss of information is caused by dynamic
network environment.
17
 Enabling Technologies

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on The Internet of Things, 2011. 18
 Internet of Energy applications

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on The Internet of Things, 2011. 19
APPLICATIONS
 Biocompatible Smart Items can be
Implanted or Swallowed

 “Smart Dust“: Hitachi Chip, 0.4 mm2

21
Antonio Krüger, Wolfgang Wahlster,"Embedded Intelligence for the Internet of Things:Towards Smart Cars, Shops and Homes," 2010.
 BMW’s IP-CAR: An Ideal Platform for the Future
Deployment of Embedded Intelligence

22
Antonio Krüger, Wolfgang Wahlster,"Embedded Intelligence for the Internet of Things:Towards Smart Cars, Shops and Homes," 2010.
 Tracking the Temperature History of a Frozen
Pizza for the Semantic Product Memory

23
Antonio Krüger, Wolfgang Wahlster,"Embedded Intelligence for the Internet of Things:Towards Smart Cars, Shops and Homes," 2010.
 Business Models for the Internet of Things
 Uckelmann, Dieter; Harrison, Mark , Architecting the Internet of Things. Michahelles,
Florian (Eds.), 2011.

24
Applications

25
Application on Industry
• Industrial Automation
• Telemetry – wireless sensors
(gas, pollution, proximity, ...)
• Payment (terminals, electronic
wallet, public transportation)
• GTC - Signalization (lights, public
info, city irrigation )

26
 Application on
Supply Chain Management

 From http://www.igd.com

27
Application on Medical
 Telemedicine – Home Care
 Social alarms
 Laboratories
 Institutions(clinics, retirement houses)
 Medical devices

28
Application on Home
• Automatic apertures
• Alarms (intrusion, fire)
• HVAC monitoring (cooling, heating)
• Metering – Fluids & energy
• Lighting
• Irrigation

29
 Application on Building Automation
• Access control (lock-unlock)
• HVAC monitoring (cooling, heating)
• Alarms
• Metering
• Energy management

30
 Strategic Vertical Industries
 ITS: Intelligent Transport System Communications
 ITU-T Focus Group on Car Communication
 ITU-T Focus Group on Driver Distraction
 Smart Grid
 ITU-T Focus Group
 eHealth
 Planned workshop on eHealth (in cooperation with WHO) and related
technology standards.

31
OPEN ISSUES
 Issues
 What is a thing?
 Computers equipped with communication interfaces.
 Not computers, but who are associated with computers
equipped with communication interfaces.
 What is the identifier of a thing?
 A serial number, such as an EPC code.
 An IP address.
 Others: a fix hash value, or adhoc naming scheme.
 Authentication
 Identity Protection
 Identity protection enforces privacy by hiding things identities.

33
 Issues
 Communication Protocol
 A thing communicates with the Internet network by various
interfaces
 Via MAC (OSI2) radio protocols, as defined by EPCGLOBAL
 A thing is an IP node, and is natively plugged in the Internet
Cloud.
 Others: Host Identity Protocol and etc.
 Things to Things communications
 In some cases, things communicate with other things, but
classical routing techniques can't be used.

34
 Future Highlights
 The IoT-GSI will approve a new IoT-Overview on which
aims to cover 02-2012 :
 High level concept (vision)
 Business and social drivers, ecosystem and business models
 Essential terminology
 Scope (applications/services, networks, M2M, devices, security,
enabling technologies, etc.)
 Very High Level Requirements
 Key features / key areas / key components
 High level IoT diagrams
 Taxonomies

35
CONSIDERATIONS
 Technologies/Research Areas
• Identification Technology •Data and Signal Processing
Technology
• Architecture Technology
•Discovery and Search Engine
• Communication Technology Technologies

• Network Technology •Relationship Network Management

Technologies
• Network Discovery
•Power and Energy Storage
Technologies
• Software and Algorithms
•Security and Privacy Technologies
• Hardware
•Standardization

From: “Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things”, March 2010 37
http://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf
 Security Considerations
 Privacy Concerns

Syverson et.al., 2005 38

 Security Considerations
 Public domain:
 Privacy: The risks of identification and profiling of consumers.
 Security: The need to ensure secure exchange of information
through the IoT – in particular when this has an impact on
consumers’ privacy.
 Business Sphere:
 Information security translates into the availability, reliability and
confidentiality of business data.

39
 Security Considerations
 What do we need on sensor/RFID?
 Authentication of tags: proof of origin of products.
 Authentication of readers: access control to tag’s
data/configuration.
 Encryption: privacy – anti-eavesdropping.
 Secure point to point connection: data integrity.
 Signatures by tags/objects: mobile readers and static tags.
 Security standardization for ISO-18000 ongoing.

40
CHALLENGES & TRENDS
 Three main challenging domains:
Technologies, Communication, Intelligence

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on The Internet of Things, 2011. 42
 Challenges
 Scaling
 Can/how do the “things” work in an IoT environment on a large
scale – billions/trillions or more sensors/“things”?
 Discovery
 How do I find services? And how do I make my things
discoverable?
 Performance
 Moving towards event-driven, publish/subscribe, Complex Event
Processing mechanisms to optimize the flow of information.
 Information can be stored as needed, filtered and sent to the
appropriate recipients/applications

43
 Challenges
 Standards Harmonization
 Multiple standards need to be harmonized in order to realize
interoperability across systems.
 Big Data
 Things of IoT add to the growing amount of monitoring data that
is available to a wide range of users.
 How do we effectively analyze all of this data and ensure that
meaningful and relevant data and decisions are made?

44
 Challenges
 Hua-Dong Ma ( 马华东 ) proposed:

 Problem1: Data exchange among large-scale

heterogeneous network elements.
 Problem2: Effective integration and interaction adaptation
of uncertain information.
 Problem3: Service adaptation in the dynamic system
environment.
 Topic1~Topic5

45
Challenges

46
 Future Technological Developments

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on 47
The Internet of Things, 2011.
 Future Technological Developments

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on 48
The Internet of Things, 2011.
 Future Technological Developments

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on 49
The Internet of Things, 2011.
 Future Technological Developments

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on 50
The Internet of Things, 2011.
 Future Technological Developments

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on 51
The Internet of Things, 2011.
 Future Technological Developments

Internet of Things-Pan European Research and Innovation Vision, EUROPEAN Research Cluster on 52
The Internet of Things, 2011.
國內研究人才 & 研究團隊

53
 Intel- 臺大創新研究中心
 Center --- 陳良基、陳彥光、呂學士
 SIG-Green Sensing Platform(GSP)
 張耀文、簡韶逸、李佳翰、李致毅、林宗賢、林致廷、盧奕璋
 SIG- Autonomous Reconfigurable Connectivity(ARC)
 陳光禎、蔡欣穆、逄愛君、林風、周俊廷、蘇炫榮、謝宏昀、陳
光禎、魏宏宇
 SIG-Context Analysis and Management(CAM)
 許永真、鄭振牟、楊柏因、吳安宇、林守德、林桂傑、施吉昇
 SIG-Smart Sensing and Applications(SSA)
 洪一平、王傑智、傅立成、陸敬互、江昭皚、莊欽龍

54
國科會人本智慧生活科技整合中心
 Center --- 楊家輝、鄭憲宗、鄭泰昇、陳建旭
 科技資通 科技組
 鄭國順、詹寶珠、王駿發、陳中和、楊家輝
 技術整合 整合組
 黃悅民、楊竹星

55
 Eco-City 健康樂活城
 Center --- 林進燈
 科技團隊
 曾煜棋、蕭子健、楊秉祥、陳廷昇、蒲鶴章
 網路團隊
 林錫慶

56
 國科會補助
姓名 服務單位 計畫名稱 姓名 服務單位 計畫名稱
國立臺灣大學資 國立清華大學通 分散與感知式通訊系統之前瞻多輸入多輸
異質性網路下之同儕式情境感知多媒體 祁忠勇
周承復 訊工程學系暨研 訊工程研究所 出技術 (98)
視訊串流技術 (97)
究所
國立中興大學電 應用於汽車安全監控之感知 3D 視訊編解
國立臺灣大學電 iSense: 超解析視覺感知系統與架構研究 賴永康 機工程學系 碼器 (100)
陳良基
子工程學研究所 (100)
國立交通大學電 智慧型居家之覆蓋率感知傳測器自動化網
國立臺灣大學電 無線感知式協同型無線網狀網路之研究 林亭佑 機工程學系 路佈署協定設計與實作 (99)
李學智
信研究中心 (100)
國立臺灣大學電 無線感知式協同型網狀網路之網路通信 國立交通大學資 車載網路之位置感知服務：設計一個結合
謝宏昀 曾煜棋
信研究中心 協定研究 (100) 訊工程學系 汽車及自行車行動導覽遊憩之系統 (100)
國立臺灣大學電 位置感知型無線社群網路之應用與技術
周俊廷 國立交通大學資 在社群網路上進行 2D/3D 感知串流之多視
信研究中心 發展 (99) 蕭旭
國立臺灣大學電 感知無線電環境中的智慧型與可信賴傳 訊工程學系 角合成與編碼技術 (99)
林宗男 國立交通大學電
信研究中心 輸
國立臺灣大學電 感知無線電為基礎的自主管理合作無線 馮智豪 子工程學系及電 合作型感知通訊之機會式傳輸技術 (100)
陳光禎 子研究所
信研究中心 網路
國立臺灣師範大 國立交通大學電 協力式感知無線網路之電量管理及高吞吐
葉耀明 情境感知中介軟體系統之研究 (97) 方凱田
學資訊工程系 信工程學系 量協定設計 (98)
國立清華大學資 合作式感知無線網路之網路層技術研究 張仲儒 國立交通大學電
許健平 協力式感知無線網路之研究 (97)
訊工程學系 (100) 信工程學系
國立清華大學工 國立中央大學資 新世代合作式無線寬頻網路之臨機感知型
發展具人因感知網路的智慧型工廠架構 吳曉光
王茂駿 業工程與工程管 訊工程系 媒介存取控制協定設計策略 (100)
— SENSE 計畫 (99)
理學系 國立中央大學資 合作式感知無線網路之傳輸層技術研究
國立清華大學通 張貴雲
訊工程系 (100)
洪樂文 具通道感知之合作式網路存取技術 (98)
訊工程研究所

以及 …
57
 國科會補助
延攬研究學者
姓名 服務機關 100 年計畫名稱
張宏義 國立清華大學 基於物聯網技術之智慧型建
( 博士 ) 資訊工程學系 築安全與綠能應用之研製 , 基
於物聯網技術之智慧型建築
安全與綠能應用之研製

林健華 長庚大學 網路安全與管理、物聯網

( 講座教授 ) 資訊工程學系

胡泉凌 國立臺灣科技大學 物聯網之天線與電波傳播特

( 博士 ) 電機工程系 性研究

陳志豪 國立清華大學 基於物聯網技術之智慧型建

( 博士 ) 資訊工程學系（所） 築安全與綠能應用之研製

58
 Thanks

We humans generate data, a lot of data as we

develop in time.
This data tells stories about our lives, therefore
we need to make art that captures it.
 APPENDIX
CURRENT POSITION OF
SENSOR
 Sensors/RFID Technologies

 highlighted in red.

61
 Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor
Web Enablement (SWE) Standards
Encoding
Sensor Model Language
(SensorML)
Observations and Measurements
(O & M)
SWE Common
Web Service
Sensor Observation Service (SOS)
Sensor Planning Service (SPS)
Sensor Alert Service (SAS)
Sensor Event Service (SES)
Web Notification Service (WNS)
Description
Describes and models processes, sensors, and systems of
sensors
Format for encoding sensor observation data
A common set of data types for describing sensor data, used by
SensorML and O & M
Description
Provides archived and near real-time access to sensors and their
data. Sensors are described in SensorML and sensor data
are described in O & M. Includes optional support for adding
new sensors and publishing their observations.
Provides access to controllable sensors and actuators and the
means to task those sensors/actuators in a standard way.
Provides the ability to subscribe to and receive sensor alerts in
real-time. Utilizes Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
(XMPP) for delivering alerts in real-time
Provides Complex Event Processing (CEP) and filtering of sensor
data streams
Standardized asynchronous messaging/notification mechanism
for receiving messages in many ways, including e-mail, Short 62
Message Service (SMS), phone, etc.
 Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
GeoWeb Standards
Encoding
Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
Geography Markup Language
(GML)
Web Service
Catalog Service for the Web
(CS/W)
Web Map Service (WMS)
Web Feature Service (WFS)
Web Coverage Service (WCS)
Web Processing Service (WPS)
Description
An OGC standard format for displaying geospatial data such as points, lines,
polygons, and images in many mapping applications including Google Earth.
An OGC standard format for describing geographic features like points, lines, and
polygons.
Description
Provides OGC web service and object discovery (i.e. sensors and other geographic
features)
Provides access to raster map data (i.e. static images) that can be used to
generate a map background.
Provides access to vector map data (i.e. points, lines, and polygons). Could
provide access to location/information about things in the IoT, since these things
would be classified as features.
Provides access to geographic coverage data (i.e. geographically distributed
measurements)
Provides a standard interface for discovering, describing, and executing geo-
processes.
63
 International Standardization
General Framework

 From: The Internet of Things – What Challenges for Europe – October 2008 – www.voxinternet.org 64
 Sensor Web Enablement - Home
Sensor Observation Service SensorML System
(SOS) - Thermometer(s)
Sensor Planning Service - Ice/Water Dispenser Switch
(SPS) - Door Switch
Sensor Alert Service (SAS) - RFID Reader

Web Notification Service

SOS
a
(WNS)
e r Dat
h
re , Ot
p e ratu SPS
m ngs
o r y, Te Se tti
t h er
I nven , O t
t ri eve pe rature th er Aler
ts
SAS
Re st Tem pirati
on, O
Ad ju il te r E x
ood/F
,F
SWE ntory

rt s
Inve
ve
Recei

Ale
Client
rts Smart Appliances
Ale
E-m SWE
E-m ail, t Smart
a il, ext Or
tex A ler Agents de
tG ts r
roc ist Ne
e ry
List c ery L w
Fi l
WNS Gro ter

65
Sensor Web Enablement - Home
Sensor Observation Service
(SOS)
Where are my
keys?

RFID Reader

SWE Retrieve Inventory Data SOS

Client

66
 APPENDIX
CURRENT POSITION OF
RFID

Anthony Furness, "Insight into the Current Position of RFID-UK,

Europe and around the World," Intellect Wireless Council 21st
October 2010.
RFID Essential System Elements

68
RFID is a category of Automatic Identification &
Data Capture (AIDC) Technologies

69
Taxonomy of RFID Technologies

70
RFID Spectrum usage – market divide

71
Chip-based RFID Technologies

72
Communication systems-based RFID

73
 Areas of RFID Systems Application
 Source Data: IDTechEx Ltd Report: RFID Forecasts, Players and Opportunities 2008-
2018

74