MOTHER TERESA ACADEMY OF MARILAO, BULACAN INC.

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Tel No.: (044) 248 64 14 Email Address: motherteresaacademy.1998@gmail.com Module 2:
Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
Senior High School
Practical Research 1
At the end of this
module, you are
expected to learn the
following
competencies:
1. describe the
characteristics of
research;
2. illustrate the
processes of research;
and
3. define ethics in
Characteristics of Research
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal,
2017)
1. Research should be systematic.
- The researcher needs to carry out a series of interrelated steps
in
conducting the study. Such procedure must follow a well-
planned, sequential and organized structure from beginning to
end.- The research paper is divided into macrosystem and
microsystem. The former refers to different chapters labeled with
main headings, while the latter consists of various elements
detailing the contents of each part.
2. Research should be objective.
- The researcher needs to present information that are purely
based on truths. It should always be anchored on the
factual basis in which the research work is founded, thus
being free from any bias or personal opinion.
5. Research should be clear.
-The researcher needs to use comprehensible language to
present information and convey explanation throughout the
research process. The factors to be manipulated, measured or
described in the study, also known as variables, must be
clarified using literature from published and unpublished
materials. They should be explained well from the introductory
part of the research paper to ensure a deeper understanding of
the study to be conducted.
Think of any symbol
that represents each
characteristic of
research.

3. Research should be feasible.

- The researcher needs to consider the possibility and
practicality of conducting the proposed study. All significant Research
factors like time, budget and access to resources must be
analyzed to determine if the research can actually be done.
4. Research should be empirical.
- The researcher needs to employ appropriate methods, either
quantitatively or qualitatively, to produce evidence-based
information. They can be drawn from concrete
experimentation, direct or indirect observation, and
verifiable experience.
Research Process
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
The Research Process to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

The Research Process 1. Define the research problem.

Research process is a systematic manner in which the
researcher approaches his/her area of study to produce
knowledge that the community will consider to be worthwhile
within the field (Rao, 2017). Understanding such process is an
important step towards executing any study. The following
table shows the five phases of the research process along with
their definition (Whittemore & Melkus, 2008)..
Research Phase Definition
To begin your research, you must look at a significant real-life
problem. Factors like area of interest, availability of fund, socio-
economic significance of the study, and the safety measures to
be undertaken should be considered
in finding and defining the research problem.
The researcher identifies English language proficiency as a problem of
aspiring maritime students in qualifying for admission to prestigious
maritime institutions.

Conceptual Phase Identifying the problem, reviewing the literature, 2. Review the literature.
formulating the hypothesis, developing the research Read various publications or surf the internet to become aware
framework, and determining the research purpose of the previous works already done about the chosen topic. You
and objective.
may utilize different resources like science books, magazines,
Design and Selecting a research design, developing study journals, newspapers, or even in the internet.
Planning Phase procedures,
and determining the sampling and data collection plan The researcher reviews previous studies conducted about English language
proficiency and the experienced difficulties of aspiring maritime students.
Empirical Phase Collecting data, and preparing data for analysis
3. Formulate hypothesis.
Analytic Phase Analyzing data, interpreting the results, and making
conclusions A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical
relationship between variables. It should be based on the
Dissemination Communicating results to appropriate audience, and problem being solved.
Phase utilizing the findings
The researcher hypothesizes that the implementation of English-Only Policy
(EOP) in the classroom can improve the English language proficiency of Pre-
Baccalaureate Maritime students.
4. Prepare the research design. For a clearer understanding of the process, study
Identify what is the best means to collect and analyze data in
the study to clarify and improve the research problem, purpose,
the following schematic diagram:.
and questions.

The researcher uses an experimental design on exploring the experiences of

the students in implementing EOP.

5. Collect data.
Use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the needed Revie Form Interpret
Define the ulate Prepare Anal and
w the Collec
research literat
the research
t data
yze report
information. problem ure
hypot
hesis
design data the
findings

The researcher collects data through interview and focus group discussion.

6. Analyze data.
Utilize strategies and methods that make sense of the data to
answer the research problem.

The researcher analyzes the data by drawing patterns and

themes from the generated data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
Put the information in perspective and present the solution to
the proposed problem based on the findings of the
investigation.

The researcher interprets and reports the findings based on the collected and
analyzed data to solve the research problem .
.
Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research
Importance of Ethics in Research
Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in Research &
Why is it important?”, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017),
enumerates the following reasons why it is important to follow
ethical principles in writing and
conducting a research:
1. It promotes the aims of research.
Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining knowledge, truth,
and avoidance of error by prohibiting fabrication, falsification
and misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are essential to collaborative work.
Many researchers who are working in different disciplines and
institutions cooperate and coordinate to accomplish a
particular research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers can be held accountable to the public.
Ethical norms guarantee the public that researchers are
deemed responsible for committing any form of research
misconduct.
4. It builds public support for research.
People express and lend their support by all means if they can
trust the quality and integrity of research
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid practices that can
adversely harm the research subjects and the community. Thus,
it encourages social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare,
compliance with the law, and
public health and safety.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book, “Practical Research 1
for Senior High School”, lists the following ethical codes and
policies that the researcher needs to consider in conducting a
study:
1. Honesty
The researcher should strive to truthfully report data in whatever
form of communication all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being biased. The study should not
be influenced by his/her personal motives, beliefs and opinions.
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish credibility through the
consistency of his/her thought and action. He/she should act
with sincerity especially on keeping agreements.
4. Care
The researcher should never neglect even the smallest detail of
the study. All information should be critically examined. Records
of research activities should be properly and securely kept.
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to accept criticisms and new
ideas for the betterment of the study. Research results and
6. Respect for intellectual property
The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit should be given to
who or where it is due. All authors cited and sources used in the
study should be properly acknowledged.
- Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using another person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes claiming an intellectual property as
one’s own that can be penalized through
Republic Act 8293 known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to protect all confidential
communications or documents from being discovered by others.
8. Responsible publication
The researcher should ensure that his/her work is clear, honest,
complete, accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and
duplicate publication. It should likewise refrain from selective,
misleading, or ambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach responsible conduct of research and
share professional knowledge and skills especially to new or less
experienced researchers.
10. Respect for colleagues
The researcher should show courtesy to his/her colleagues by
treating them equally and fairly.
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote social good by working for the
best interests and benefits of the environment and society as a
whole.
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not discriminate based on sex, race,
ethnicity, or any factor relating to scientific competence and
integrity. Thus, research should be open to all people or entities
13. Competence
The researcher should possess necessary knowledge and skills in
conducting a study. He/she should be equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure competent results.
14. Legality
The researcher should know and abide by relevant laws,
institutional and government policies concerning the legal
conduct of research.
15. Human Subject Protection
The researcher should protect human lives by preventing and
minimizing harms and risks. He/she should always uphold the
human dignity, privacy, and autonomy of human subjects to be
used in the study..
Rights of Research Participants
In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities are inseparably
linked to one another. This means that both the researcher and
the participant have necessary obligations to perform as a
prerequisite of their privileges in
conducting research. According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003)
and Polit (2006), the following are some of the rights of research
participants, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017):
1. Voluntary participation
The research participants must be given the privilege to exercise
their free will whether to participate or not. They have the right to
refuse involvement in the study. Thus, any person should not be
forced to take part in any research undertaking.
2. Informed consent
The research participants must be provided with sufficient
information about the procedures and risks involved in the
research. It serves as an initial guide on why and how the study
will be conducted. Hence, the researcher must ensure that they
fully understood and agreed upon the study.
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be protected from any type of
harm whether it may be physical, psychological, social, or
economic. The researcher must avoid, prevent, or minimize
threats especially when they are exposed and engaged in invasive
and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality
The research participants must be assured of their privacy
particularly on personal information. The researcher must secure
that all information disclosed by them will not be used without
authorized access.
5. Anonymity
The research participants must remain anonymous or
unidentified throughout the study even to the researchers
themselves. They have the right to keep their identities secret as
they participate especially in case sensitive studies.
References
Blankenship, Diane C. 2010. Applied Research and Evaluation Methods in
Creation. Maryland: Human Kinetics.
Cristobal, Amadeo Jr. P, and Maura Consolacion D Cristobal. 2017.
Practical
Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
DepEd. 2020. "K to 12 Curriculum Final Most Essential Learning
Competencies." Practical Research 1. Department of Education .
—. 2016. "K to 12 Curriculum Guide." Practical Research 1. Department of
Education.
ElYolero. 2016. "Copa Centroamericana Trophy." Wikimedia Commons.
April.
Accessed July 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copa_Centroamericana_Tr
ophy.png.
Rao, T. V. 2017. SlideShare. July. Accessed June 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/doctortvrao/research-process-78115675.
Resnik, David B. 2015.
"What is Ethics in Research & Why is it important."
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.—. 2015. "What Is Ethics in
Research & Why Is It Important?" National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences. December 1. Accessed July 2020.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ind
ex.cfm#:~:text=There%20are%20several%20reasons%20why,the%20tr
uth%20and%20minimize%20error.
Subramanian, Samanth. 2018. "Thousands of Indians die in unethical
clinical trials." The National. Accessed July 2020.
https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/thousands-of-indians-die-
inunethical-
clinical-trials-1.770992.