HAND WASHING

Washing our hand is very important in protecting ourselves

against the different kinds of infection if the nature of your
work is prone to different kinds of microorganism that can
cause infection.

Below are the types of microorganisms that causes infection on human

body:
1. Bacteria – this is the most common microorganism that
causes infection which can be transported through water,
food, body fluids, and body tissues. It is also the most
common infection-causing agents found in most health care
institutions.
2. Viruses – are made nucleic acid which can reproduce
upon entry into living cells. Common viruses that may
causes colds, hepatitis, herpes, etc. are rhinovirus which can
easily be transmitted from one person to another.

3. Fungi – these are organisms that looks like a plant such

as molds and yeast which can be acquired through air, water
or food an cause infection.
4. Parasites – can be found in any living organisms in
order to survive. Protozoa is a common parasites that
causes malaria, arthropods (mites, flea and ticks)
The diagram below explains further the method on how the
infection transfer from one person to another.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. Infection Agents – are the different microorganism that
causes infection.
Reservoirs – are the organisms in which the infectious
microbes resides such as the human body, plants, animals
and the environment itself where they can multiply or grow.

2. Portal of Exit – the way by which microorganism need to

leave the reservoir before they can establish itself in a hosts.
Common path of exists are mouth, nose, rectum etc.

3. Mode of Transmission – this is a method by which a

microorganisms transmit from to the new hosts.
4. Portal of Entry - is the site through which micro-
organisms enter the susceptible host and cause
disease/infection.

5. Susceptible Hosts - This is the organism (e.g., You or

your resident!) that will feel the effects of the infectious
disease that has traveled through the chain of infection.
This describes the person who is vulnerable to infection.
 TRANSMISSION
1. Direct transmission – the microorganism transfer
directly from a person to another person thru touching,
kissing, biting, or through sexual intercourse.

2. Indirect Transmission - microorganisms can transfer in

three ways:
- Vehicle-borne transmission – refers to any materials
which can be used as a means of passage by which it can
introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host.
Examples are the utensils like spoons, handkerchief, toys,
clothes etc.
- Vector-borne transmission – refers to flying animal or
crawling insects that can easily transmit the infection
through their bites and by injecting their saliva on bite
skin area.

- Airborne transmission – this may be in the form of dust

or the residue of evaporated droplet released by any
infected person like an individual who is infected with
pneumonia, tuberculosis etc.
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Another method of protecting ourselves against infection is
through the use of different personal protective equipment
or (PPE).
There are different parts of the body that needs tool or
equipment that will protect against any form of infection
control such as:
1. For body protection
2. For head protection
3. For eyes protection
4. For hand protection
5. For respiratory protection
6. For foot protection
 Type of Protective Equipment Uses/Function

Body Protection a. This is used to protect the

1. Laboratory Gown
health personnel from a
infected client.

b. This protects the client form

potential exposure to
microbes.

2. Plastic Apron a. Used to protect the body from

any contact with bodily fluids,
bloods, chemicals and all kinds
of fluid which is harmful to
health.
3. Overalls a. Used to protect the individual
from splashing of any corrosive
materials.

HEAD PROTECTION a. Prevent falling of hair that

1. Hairnet / Cap
may cause contamination.

2. Hard Hat a. Used to protect head from

falling materials/objects.
 EYE PROTECTION a. Chemicals o use when there is
1. Safety Spectacles
possibility of risk due to
splashing of any harmful fluids.

2. Goggles a. Use when using any

dangerous equipement.

HAND PROTECTION a. Wear when there is a

1. Sterile gloves
possibility of handling sterile
body tissue of the client.
2. Non – sterile gloves a. Protect the hands handling
body substances such as urine,
blood etc.

3. General Purpose Gloves a. Used for cleaning and

decontamination of used
instruments manually.
 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION a. Used when doing surgical
1. Surgical Mask
procedure.

b. Wear in a place where there

are droplets infection from the
client.

2. Paper Mask a. Wear when the worker has a

cold.

b. Wear in a place where there

are droplets infection from
the client.
 FOOT PROTECTION a. It is used to prevent
1. Shoe Cover
contamination when entering an
area of infection.

2. Water – proof shoes with non-slip a. Must be worn at all times to

soles
protect from blood and other
body fluids and harmful
chemicals.
 Another factor in infection control is the proper and
efficient method of maintaining the clients personal
hygiene. Proper hand washing is not only applicable for the
Caregiver, instead it is also applicable for the client. To
control the transmission of infection, there re several ways
where in we can maintain the personal hygiene of the
client.
1. Cleaning and disinfecting the tools and equipment to be
used.
2. Sterilization – there are different methods of killing the
different microorganisms in the form of sterilization such
as;

1. Use of boiling water

2. Moist heat
3. Gas
4. Radiation
LET’S TEST YOUR MEMORY
Below are the different pictures of personal protective
equipment. Identify the body parts where you will use each
equipment. List down the its usage in your answer sheet.

Type of Equipment Name of the Equipment Usage

 INDUSTRY CODE OF PRACTICE
The industry code of practice was applied in all
institutions, agencies and other companies both in
government and non-government organizations who
intends to operate a health care institution or home nursing
must seek the approval from the Department of Health.
The Industry Code of Practice
1. The physical work environment, such as workplace,
lighting and ventilation.
2. The facilities for workers, including toilets, drinking
water, washing and dining areas, change rooms, personal
storage and shelter.
3. Remote and isolated work, and
4. Emergency plans.
What is the meaning of Hazard?

 Hazard – refers to possible source which may harm

people, damage property and the environment under
condition at work.
 Risks – refers to the probability of that hazard which a
person or environment may be harmed.
 Risks Assessment – refers to the process of identifying
the hazards.
 Control –is a mechanism or process that minimizes the
risk of the hazard to protect people, property, and the
environment from the identified types of hazards.
TYPES OF HAZARDS

1. Physical Hazard
Is the most common incident in workplaces. They are
usually easy to detect, however, very often are neglected
because people are too familiar to them.
Examples of Physical Hazards
- Electrical Hazards
- Endless loud noise
- Spills on floors or tripping hazards

Effects of Physical Hazards

- Falls
- Fire
- Noise
- Radiation
- Magnetic Fields
Biological Hazards
- come from working with animals, people or
infectious materials. This is therefore, one of the most
common hazards that a caregiver maybe exposed to.
Examples of Biological hazards that a caregiver may be
exposed to:
- Bacteria and Viruses
- Contaminated Wastes
- animals
- Blood and Bodily fluids

Effects of Biological Hazards

- infections
- skin irritations
- allergies
- tubercolosis
- aids/HIV
Ergonomic Hazards
This occur when the caregiver’s nature of work, body
position, and working conditions set pressure on his/her body.
It is difficult to notice the type of hazard, because caregivers
do not immediately feel the effect to their bodies.
Examples of Ergonomic hazard
- carrying out tasks that require lifting heavy loads
- excessive bending and reaching
- standing or holding body parts for long period of time
- difficult movements, especially if they are repetitive,
repeating the same movements over and over.

Effects of Ergonomic Hazards

- pain in the shoulder
- back injury
- insensitivity in some parts of the body
Chemical Hazards
- A hazardous chemical is any substance that poses a
physical or health hazard to any individual in the
workplace. Most of the chemicals may have an immediate
acute effect, as well as chronic effect resulting to long term
exposure.
Examples Chemical hazard
- liquids like cleaning products
- disinfecting solutions

Effects of Chemical Hazards

- Lung Diseases
- Trouble in breathing
- Sensitivity
Psychological Hazards
It takes place when a caregiver’s work environment
becomes stressful or demanding.

Examples of Psychological Hazards

- burn out, fatigue
- unreasonable expectations
- verbal abuse
Effects of Psychological Hazards
-Despair
- Nervousness
- Loss of Self Reliance
- Loss of attentiveness
- Weakening of performance
HAZARD HUNTING
Choose your partner and make a survey on possible hazards
which can be found within the school premises. Follow the format
below.
School area where Type of Hazards List down the effects of
Hazards are found the Hazards found

1.

2.

3.

5.
Hazard Risks Assessment

Risks Control

Physical Hazard Biological Hazard

Chemical Hazard

Ergonomic Hazard

Psychological Hazard
1. It refers to possible source which may harm people,
damage property and the environment under condition at
work.
HAZARD
2. This occur when the caregiver’s nature of work, body
position, and working conditions set pressure on his/her
body.
ERGONOMIC HAZARD
3. It comes from working with animals, people or
infectious materials. This is therefore, one of the most
common hazards that a caregiver maybe exposed to.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
4. It refers to the probability of that hazard which a person
or environment may be harmed.
RISK
5. It takes place when a caregiver’s work environment
becomes stressful or demanding.
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARD
6. Is the most common incident in workplaces. They are
usually easy to detect, however, very often are neglected
because people are too familiar to them.
PHYSICAL HAZARD
7-8 effects of Chemical Hazard

9-10 Effects of Physical Hazard

11. A hazardous chemical is any substance that poses a
physical or health hazard to any individual in the
workplace.
CHEMICAL HAZARD
12. It is a mechanism or process that minimizes the risk of
the hazard to protect people, property, and the
environment from the identified types of hazards.
CONTROL
13-15. Examples of Physical Hazard
16-18. Effects of Biological Hazard
19-20. Effects of Psychological Hazard
 INFECTION CONTROL
MONITORING PERSONNEL
Controlling and monitoring the infection is an
essential component of providing out outmost care to our
client. It needs a lot of personnel in order to control
transmission of microorganisms that can cause infectious
diseases.
Health care organizations and institutions must have
their own infection control committees to be responsible
in controlling the risk.
Who are the members in this committee?

1. Personnel from the Clinical Laboratory

2. Housekeeping Personnel
3. Dietary
4. Maintenance
5. Client care representative
These personnel are knowledgeable and well trained
on the current trends and studies about the best practices
in identifying, controlling and treating infections.
 CONFIDENTIALITY OF COMPUTER
RECORDS
Because of the modern technology, records or
information of the client’s in every healthcare institutions
are kept in computers.

 How can we maintain the privacy of every record?

 Is there a general rule in keeping the confidentiality of the
client’s information?
Here are some guidelines to follow in keeping the
confidentiality of the client’s information:

1. Password must be entered when opening and turning

off the computer. This should not be shared with anyone.
2. After opening the computer, do not leave it unattended.
3. Avoid displaying the client’s information in the
monitor.
4. Tear off scratch computer generated worksheets.
5. Be knowledgeable in correcting policy errors.
6. Follow the procedure implemented by the agency in
documenting sensitive material, like AIDS and other
communicable diseases.
IMPORTANCE OF THE CLIENT RECORDS

1. Source of Communication
The information written on the client’s record serves
as a means of transportation or interaction between the
clients and the healthcare professionals. It helps to avoid
repetition and cause of delay in the client’s care.

2. Assessing client’s care

every healthcare professionals are using the record of
the patient or client in planning and medical assistance to
be done.
3. For auditing health institutions
Reviewing the records of the client’s will determine if
the agencies are meeting the stated standard operation.

4. For research purposes

The information in every client can be a reliable
source of data needed for research.

5. Education purposes
The client’s record can be a source of comprehensive
tool in reviewing the client’s and the effective procedure
of treatment applied to them.
6. Legal purposes
The client’s record is a legal document which is
accepted in court as concrete evidence.

7. Treatment analysis
All information recorded for each client may be a good
source of evaluating the health services and assistance that
they need.

8. Reimbursement Purposes
Recorded information and data collected from the
client helps to reimburse the expenses incurred by the
client.
 GENERAL GUIDELINES ON PROPER
RECORDING
Client’s record is considered as official and legal
document which can be used in legal purposes and can
serve as concrete evidence in court if there is a case
involved. Healthcare personnel has the responsibility of
keeping the confidentiality of the client’s record and must
follow the procedure of proper recording.
He also needs to be very observant if there are some
changes in the situation of the client.
What are the guidelines needed in proper recording?
1. Personal Information
2. Date and Time
3. Timing
4. Legibility
5. Longevity
6. Accepted Terminology
7. Accurate Spelling
8. Signature
9. Arrangement
10. Completeness
 These guidelines are very important in keeping the
records of the client’s specially if it involves their
personal welfare. Aggregate infection control information
must be practiced all the time to reduce the risk of being
exposed to different microorganism that can be a possible
cause of infectious diseases.

What does aggregate infection control mean?

This is the summary how to control and prevent the

transmission of infection.
Aggregate Infection Control includes:

1. Hand washing
2. Wearing of medical gloves when there is potential of
exposure in bodily fluids.
3.Correct method of segregating and disposing the
contaminated waste materials.
4. Self immunization is up to date.
5. Correct usage of PPE if there is a splashed of blood and
other infectious bodily fluid.
DIFFICULT OR CHALLENGING
BEHAVIOR
Challenging Behavior –is a term used to define varied
behaviors that can be established by people with
knowledge, communication and other difficulties. It can
be discussed that anyone can show challenging behavior.
It is also known as problem behavior or socially
unacceptable behaviors that challenges the professionals,
teachers, and most likely the parents these people with
challenging behaviors.
There are different types of behaviors which can be
considered as a challenging behavior:

1. Self Injurious Behavior – refers to an individual who is

scratching, pulling, eye poking, picking, grinding teeth,
eating non- foodstuffs, and head banging.
2. Aggressive Behavior – refers to individual who is
include biting and scratching, hitting, pinching, grabbing,
hair pulling, throwing objects, verbal abuse, screaming,
spitting.
3. Stereotyped Behavior – refers to individual who prefer
to act with the same movements like, rocking,
monotonous speech and repetitive manipulation of
objects.

4. Non-person Directed Behavior - means damage to

property, hyperactivity, stealing, inappropriate, sexualized
behaviour destruction of clothing, lack of awareness of
danger, withdrawal.
Challenging behaviors sometimes occur inside the
classroom if someone in the class has anxious behavior,
this might include unacceptable facial expression, verbal
expressions with anger anf frustrations. Probably a
question like how are we going to deal or face such
situation will come into our mind.
The best thing that we can do are the following:
1. Ask the client if you can do anything to help him.
2. Check if there are something that needs clarification.
3. Prepare an applicable exercise.
4. Give them a break.
 PERFORMANCE TASK
FIELD WORK
Direction: Conduct a Case Study about an individual
living near in your place who suffered from any infectious
diseases. Follow the format illustrated below:

Patient’s History Presentation Treatment Outcome/Result

Computerized in short coupon bond with short Blue Folder.