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ERU Intro
ERU Intro
ENERGY RESOURCES
& UTILIZATION (ERU)
ME-361 (3, 1)
ENERGY RESOURCES & UTILIZATION
Introduction, Fossil fuels, Fossil fuels in solid, liquid and
gaseous state, Types of Renewable Energy, Solar
Energy/Power, Hydro Power, Wind Power & Turbines,
Compatible Electric Generators, Wind Turbine Design Issues,
Fuel Cells, Tidal Power, Biomass Energy, Geothermal Power,
Modern Renewable Energy Plants, Operations and
maintenance problems, Energy Conservation and Storage
Techniques, Energy Audit And Management Systems.
RECOMMENDED
1) BOOKS Energy Resources by John Twidell
Renewable
and Tony Weir, 2nd Edition
2) Renewable energy by Godfrey Boyle
3) Renewable Energy Resources by T Abbasi &
S A Abbasi
4) Energy Resources, Utilization and Technologies by A
Yerramilli and F Tuluri
ENERGY
• Energy is an engineering concept that might best be
described in terms of what it can do.
• We can not see energy, only its effects; we can not make it,
only use it; and we can not destroy it, only waste it through
inefficient use.
• Energy can be converted or redistributed from one form to
another, such as from wind energy to electrical energy or
from chemical energy to heat etc. However total amount of
energy in the universe is constant.
• Energy may be renewable, sustainable or non-renewable.
ENERGY Cont.
• Renewable energy may also be called Green Energy or
Sustainable Energy. It includes the technologies that convert
natural resources into useful energy services:
a. Wind, wave, tidal, and hydropower (including micro- and
river-off hydropower).
b. Solar power (including photovoltaic), solar thermal, and
geothermal technologies.
c. Biomass and biofuel technologies (including biogas).
d. Renewable fraction of waste (household and industrial
waste).
• Household and industrial waste is composed of different types
of waste. Only the fraction of waste that is naturally
replenished is usually included in the definition.
ENERGY Cont.
• Non-Renewable energy supplies are also called finite supplies or
Brown Energy. This energy is initially an isolated energy potential,
and external action is required to initiate the supply of energy for
practical purposes.
Fig. 4: Emissions of carbon due to fossil fuel used in the world. A: Total, B: Petroleum, C: Coal,
D: Natural gas, E. carbon emissions due to cement production.
USE OF FOSSIL FUEL Cont.
• Figure 5 shows the trends of petroleum consumption by the world's
two most populous countries—India and China—as compared to
USA, Japan, and South Korea.
As the economies of these countries are growing, the people are
copying the lifestyle which the consumerist western countries had
adopted till recently.
Million barrels per day
Year
s
USE OF FOSSIL FUEL Cont.
• The increasing use of vehicles, other materials, and power
surely has contributed to the degradation of the environment
at much faster rate than the ability of the environment to
assimilate. From 2004 onwards, the demand for petroleum by
India and China has begun to rise faster than it has ever
before.
• The world's oil reserves are now 'peaking', which means there
are no new reserves to be found and if we continue to use the
existing reserves at the present rate, from now onwards the
reserves will keep declining till they get totally exhausted by
about 2080 (Fig.6).
• All other fossil fuels are expected to peak by 2030 and exhaust
by 2230.
USE OF FOSSIL FUEL Cont.
Fig. 6: Peaking of fossil fuel use and the eventual exhaustion of fossil fuels.
A: All fossil fuels combined, B: Petroleum crude, C: Coal, D: Natural gas.
USE OF FOSSIL FUEL Cont.
• Thus, within a matter of less than 200 years we have burnt
away half of all the fossil fuels which the earth had taken
several million years to generate.
• The carbon that had been 'plucked' from the atmosphere (and
water bodies), and had been sequestered over millions of
years has been released back to the atmosphere (and oceans)
by us in just under 200 years. And if we continue at the
present rate we would release all of the sequestered carbon in
another 200 years.
• Can such a massive interference with the global ecosystems
be done without any side effects showing up?
𝑵 𝒐 , 𝒊 𝒕 𝒄 𝒂 𝒏 ′ 𝒕 𝒃 𝒆!
• So we have global warming and ocean acidification on our
hands now!
GLOBAL WARMING
The increasing trends of atmospheric C02 concentration in the 140
years, during which large quantities of fossil fuels were used, are
given in Table 1.
TABLE 1: Trends in atmospheric C02 and average air temperature (IPCC, 2007)
Year Atmospheric C02 (ppmv) Average
temperature
1800
(°C) 280 15
1870 280 15
1950 305 15.2
1970 325 15.2
1988 350 15.5
2000 360 15.8
2006 375 16
2008 380 16 +
2050 forecast -550 Up to 17.2
2100 forecast Up to ~800 Up to ~19.2
GLOBAL WARMING Cont.
• Between 1950 to 2000, the atmospheric C02 levels have risen
by 55 ppmv (parts per million by volume), i.e. at an average
rate of 1.1 ppmv per year. From the year 2000 onwards the
average rate of C02 increase has doubled to 2.5 ppmv per year.
Already it has warmed the earth by 1°C.
• If we continue increasing C02 emissions at the present rate, the
atmospheric C02 levels will nearly double from their 1871 figure
of 280 ppmv to 550 ppmv by the year 2050, leading to the
mean global temperature up to 17.2°C.
• Even with the average 1°C rise in the earth's temperature that
has occurred, massive adverse impacts are being caused.
Trillions of tonnes of extra ice has melted at the poles and
elsewhere; glaciers are thinning down and disappearing;
extreme events of rainfall, hurricanes, cyclones and draught are
being faced around the globe.
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
• Ocean acidification is the name given to the lowering of ocean
pH that is beginning to occur because the oceans are being
forced to absorb C02 at much faster rate during the last few
decades.
• The term does not imply that the oceans (covering almost 70%
of the earth's surface) have actually become acidic, it signifies a
shift of ocean pH towards less alkaline levels. This shift has
already threatened coral reefs and calcifying organisms.
• The average ocean pH should remain at about 8.2. But the
dissolution of C02 has already lowered the average pH of the
oceans by about 0.1 units from the pre-industrial levels (Palley,
2005).
• The pH is measured on a logarithmic scale; and a change of 0.1
units means a whopping 30% increase in the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) in the oceans.
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Cont.
• By the end of this century the pH is projected to drop another
0.3-0.4 pH units (Feely et al., 2008). This leads to increase in
bicarbonate ion concentrations, with a concomitant reduction
in the concentration of carbonate ions.
• Moreover, calcite saturation and aragonite saturation of the
oceans will decrease.
• All these changes have very ominous portents for the ocean's
environmental balance, and are expected to significantly
reduce the buffering capacity of the natural processes that
have moderated changes in ocean chemistry over most of
geological time.
Thanks
Arranged by Prof. Dr. Asad Naeem Shah
Energy and Fuels