LESSON 1

CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLE
Subtopics
• Basic Chemistry
• Atomic structures
• Periodic table of Elements
• Chemical Bonding
Basic Chemistry
• Chemistry is the science that deals with composition and
properties of substances and various elementary forms of
matter.
• Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
• Matter may consist of atoms, molecules, or ions
• All matter, living or nonliving, is made up of elements.
Classifying Matter
Basic Chemistry
• Substance: Form of matter that has a definite or constant
composition and distinct properties
Basic Chemistry
• Mixture: Combination of two or more substances in which
the substances retain their identity
Basic Chemistry
• Compound: A substance composed of atoms of two or
more elements chemically united in fixed proportion
Basic Chemistry
• Element: A substance that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by chemical means
Elements that make up 95%
of living organisms (by weight)
• C Carbon
• H Hydrogen
• N Nitrogen
• O Oxygen
• P Phosphorus
• S Sulfur
State of Matter
ALL MATTER CONSISTS OF PARTICLES CALLED
ATOM
 Basic Atomic Structure
• Atom: The smallest part of an element that displays
the properties of the element.
• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles
• Atom consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons with
electrons moving around outside of the nucleus
 Basic Atomic Structure
• Protons (positively charged)

• Neutrons (uncharged)

• Electrons (negatively charged)

Atomic Symbol

Atomic
12

C
Mass

Atomic 6
Number

Carbon
Atomic Symbol

Atomic Mass = Number of Protons +

Number of Neutrons

Atomic Number = The Number of Protons

in the Nucleus
Periodic Table Basics
• A vertical column is called a GROUP or a FAMILY
• These GROUP usually contains the same number of valence
electrons
• A horizontal row is called a PERIOD or a SERIES
• These PERIOD show similarities in ionization and activation
energy
• On the left hand side are the metals (usually solid, shiny, good
conductors of heat and electricity)
• On the right hand side are the non metals (Usually gaseous, dull,
poor conductors of heat and electricity)
• In the diagonal space between metals and non metals are the
metalloids. Some characteristics of both metals and non metals
The Periodic Table,
What Does Atomic/ Proton number tell us?
• # of protons = element

Basic Atomic Structure

The number of protons in an atom or ion determines what
element it is

For example, if a particle has 6 protons in it, it must be a

carbon
Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotope
• Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an
element

Example
• Krypton’s atomic number is 36
• This tell us that an atom of krypton has 36 protons in its
nucleus
Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotope
• Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and
number of neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

Example
• For Krypton, round the atomic weight to the nearest whole
number
• This equation becomes:
84 = Number of neutrons + Number of Protons mass
Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotope
An atom can be represented by an isotope notation (atomic
symbol)
Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotope
• Isotope is atoms with identical atomic number but
different mass numbers

Example
Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotope
• In a neutral atom:
 Number of protons equal number of electrons
• In a positive ion:
Number of protons is more than number of electrons
• In a negative ion:
Number of protons is less than number of electrons
Atomic Number, Mass Number & Isotope
• In summary:

• Number of protons = Atomic

For Any Number
• Number of neutrons = Mass
Element number – Atomic number

For a • Number of electrons =

Number of Protons = Atomic
neutral Number
compound
EXERCISE 1
• Give the number of Protons, Neutrons, Electrons and
Charge Ion in each of the following species:
Symbol Proton Neutron Electron Charge
EXERCISE 2
• Write the appropriate notation for each of the following
nuclide:
Symbol Proton Neutron Electron Notation of
Nuclide

A 2 2 2

B 1 2 0

C 1 1 1
 Periodic Table (Revisited)

Vertical columns indicate

number of electrons
in outermost shell

I VIII
1 2
1 H He
Horizontal 1.008
II III IV V VI VII 4.003
periods 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

indicate 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
total number 6.941
11
9.012
12
10.81
13
12.01
14
14.01
15
16.00
16
19.00
17
20.18
18
of electron 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
shells 22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
4 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.60
Electrons
• Atoms can give up, accept, or share electrons to have eight
electrons in the outer shell.
• Remember: Gain electron – gain negativity
• Lose electron – lose balancing negative and thus Positive
• Share electrons (pairs) – tightly binds atoms with no net
charge
Elements and Compounds
• Molecules form when two or more atoms bond together
(example: O2)
• Definition: simplest unit of a compound
• Other examples Carbon Dioxide ______
• Water ______ Methane _____
• Glucose __________
Elements and Compounds
• Molecules form when two or more atoms bond together
(example: O2)

• Compounds form when two or more different elements

bond together
(example: H2O)
Elements and Compounds
• Molecules form when two or more atoms bond together
(example: O2)

• Compounds form when two or more different elements

bond together (H2O)

• When a chemical reaction occurs, energy may be given off

or absorbed.
CHEMICAL BONDING
Chemical Bonding: the force that holds 2 atoms together in a molecule
or compound

Valence electrons play an important role in the formation of chemical

bonds
Ionic Bonding
Ions are charged particles that form when electrons
are transferred from one atom to another. Atoms
that gain or lose electrons are called: Ions
Positive ions are Cations (positive charge, resulting
from loss of electron)

Negative ions are Anions (negative charge, resulting

from gain of electron)
Ionic Bonding
• Ions are charged particles that form when electrons are
transferred from one atom to another.

• Ionic compounds are held together by an attraction

between oppositely charged ions called an ionic bond.
 Ionic
Bonding
Covalent
Bonding
• In covalent bonds, atoms share
electrons allowing each atom to
have a completed outer shell.
These are relatively “strong”
representing stored Potential
energy.

• Please remember: covalent bonds

are shared “pairs” of electrons;
each atom is acquiring a more
stable outer electron configuration
Covalent Bonding

• A covalent bond

• A double covalent bond

Shape of Molecules
Shape of Molecules
• Shape is very important. Later you will see that shape in
complex molecules like sugars, proteins, nucleic acids
determines their particular function.
 Nonpolar covalent bonds
If the sharing between two atoms is fairly equal, the covalent bond is described as nonpolar.
Polar Covalent Bonds

• If the sharing between two atoms

is unequal,
• the covalent bond is described as
polar.
Hydrogen Bonding

• A hydrogen bond occurs between

a slightly positive hydrogen atom
of one molecule and a slightly
negative atom of another
molecule, or between atoms of
the same molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding

• Hydrogen bonds are very important in the final active shape-

structure of key biomolecules like proteins
• Hydrogen bonds in water give it very important unique
qualities that make life possible on Earth.
Remember…
Safety First!
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