Presentation in Sts

Lesson 4:
Weapons of Mass
Destruction
John Abe N. Nasayao
Jocille C. Macinas
BSED 1-G
DISCUSSION
 Who will ever forget the massive destruction in Hiroshima, Japan which downed
several civilians during it’s bombing in August 1942? Weapon making is a part of a
country’s activity. It is an art and a craft. It is a symbol of strength and power of a
country. And just any other piece of technology it undergoes evolution. They are
used as a defense against invaders, terrorists and even against those who have evil
minds to inflict harm for no apparent reason.
 Weapon is a device that is designed to be used in fighting an enemy of war to
cause bodily harm to another or defend oneself from attackers (Cambridge
University Press, 2018)
 Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) is a term used to describe different kinds of
weapons with two important characteristics, First is the ability to produce large
scale and Secondly they do not choose who they want to attack which affects
usually the civilians. According to Laura Reed there are Three major types of WMD.
DISCUSSION
 They are: nuclear weapons, chemical warfare agents, biological warfare

agents. But in addition other analysis include radiological materials as well as
missile technology and delivery systems such as aircraft and ballistic missiles.
Possession of WMD is a great threat to all nations and aggravated if it falls in
the hands of terrorists.
Four Kinds of Weapons of Mass
Destruction
 Biological weapon of mass
destruction – a weapon that uses
harmful biological agent (such as
pathogenic microorganism or a
neurotoxin, maybe a virus or
bacteria) to cause death or disease
on a large scale (Merriam Webster,
2018)
Examples:
 Q-Fever, Botulism, Hantavirus,
Anthrax, Marburg Hemorrhagic
Fever & Ebola Virus
Destruction
 Chemical Weapon of mass
destruction – a weapon containing
any of several chemical compounds
like chlorine gas, mustard gas, of
which some are toxic agents, that
are intended to kill, injure, or
incapacitate an enemy.
(Schneider, 2018)
 Examples:
VX, Sarin, Tabun, Mustard Gas,
Phosgene gas, Chlorine
Destruction
 Nuclear Weapon of Mass
Destruction – is a weapon
combining radiological materials
with a conventional explosive
device (Schneider, 2018). They are
considered as the greatest weapon
of mass destruction ever created
because they are capable of
releasing a large amounts of
energy by splitting the atoms of
highly enriched uranium or
plutonium in a process called
fission, or reaction
Destruction
 Radiological Weapons of Mass
Destruction – are devices that
spread dangerous radioactive
materials that is wrapped around a
conventional explosive to spread
toxic radiation
 Examples:
 Nuclear Weapons
 Dirty Bombs
Brief History of Weapons of Mass
Destruction
Peloponnesian War
 Date: 429 BC
 Country: Spartan
 WMD: Toxic fumes are created
from burnt pitch and Sulphur
 Type of WMD: Chemical
Persian Invasion of Roman Empire
 Date: 256 AD
 Country: Persia
 WMD: Sulphur crystals and bitumen
are used against the Romans
Battle during China’s Sung Dynasty
 Date: 960 – 1279 AD

 Country: China
 WMD: Arsenic Smoke is used in
battle
Siege of Caffa
 Date: 1346 – 1347

 Country: Mongol
 WMD: Corpses contaminated with
plague are catapulted over walls
forcing besieged Genoans to flee
 Type of WMD: Biological
Turk Invasion of Belgrade
 Date: 1456
 Country: Serbia
 WMD: Rags dipped into poison are
ignited to create a toxic cloud
The Great Northern War
 Date: 1710
 Country: Russia
 WMD: Plague-infected corpses are
hurled over the walls of Reval (now
Tallinn, Estonia) where Swedish
forces were barricaded
French-Indian Wars
 Date: 1754 – 1767

 Country: Britain
 WMD: Blankets used to wrap British
smallpox victims are given to
hostile Indian tribes
World War I
 Date: 1914
 Country: France
Germany
 WMD: France first uses tear gas in
grenades and Germany retaliates
with tear gas in artillery shells
World War I
 Date: 1915 - 1918

 Country: England
France
Germany
 WMD: Use of chlorine gas in battle
World War I
 Date: 1918
 Country: Germany
 WMD: Anthrax and equine disease
(glanders) are used to infect
livestock and feed for export to
Allied forces & Phosgene and
chloropicrin shells are used against
American Forces.
 Type of WMD: Biological &
Chemical
Russian Civil War
 Date: 1919
 Country: Britain
 WMD: Used Adamsite against the
Bolsheviks
Rif War
 Date: 1922 – 1927

 Country: Spain
 WMD: Chemical Weapons are used
against Rif Rebels in Spanish
Morocco
Italian-Abyssinia War
 Date: 1936
 Country: Italy
 WMD: Mustard Gas is used against
Abyssinians
Inception of Biological Warfare “Unit
731’’
 Date: 1937
 Country: Japan
 WMD: An offensive biological
weapons program uses prisoners in
human experiments
Nomonhan Incident
 Date: 1939
 Country: Japan
 WMD: Soviet water supply is
poisoned with intestinal typhoid
bacteria at the former Mongolian
Border
World War II
 Date: 1940
 Country: Japan
 WMD: Rice and wheat mixed with
plague carrying fleas are dropped
over China and Manchuria
World War II
 Date: 1942
 WMD: Nazis began using Zyklon B
(hydrogen cyanide) in gas
chambers for the mass murder of
concentration camp prisoners
World War II
 Date: 1945
 WMD: A large reservoir in Bohemia
is poisoned with sewage
World War II
 Date: 1945
 Country: United States
 WMD: Two Atomic Bombs are
dropped on Japan, one on
Hiroshima and one on Nagasaki
 Type of WMD: Nuclear
Vietnam War
 Date: 1962 – 1970

 Country: United States
 WMD: Tear gas and four types of
defoliant, including Agent Orange,
are used in Vietnam
Yemen War
 Date: 1963 – 1967

 Country: Egypt
 WMD: Chemical weapons are used
against Yemen
Rhodesian Bush War
 Date: 1970s
 Country: South Africa
 WMD: Anthrax and cholera are
provided to Rhodesian Troops for
use against guerilla rebels
Cold War
 Date: 1975 - 1983

 Country: Soviet Union
 WMD: Alleged use of Yellow rain
(trichothecene mycotoxins) by
Soviet-backed forces in Laos and
Kampuchea
Iran-Iraq War
 Date: 1983 – 1988

 Country: Iraq
 WMD: Mustard Gas, hydrogen
cyanide, and nerve agent tabun
are used against Iran and the Kurds
Biological Weapon of Mass Destruction
(Biowarfare)
 The use of biological weapons, or bioweapons is believed to have been used
since the ancient world in 1,500 B.C. The Hitties of Asia Minor recognized the
power of contagious diseases and sent plague victims into enemy lands.
Military men catapult diseased corpses into fort of enemies and poisoning
their source of water. Some historians have even agreed that the 10 biblical
plagues Moses called upon against the Egyptians may have been more of a
biological warfare rather than the acts of a vengeful God (Lamb, 10 Scariest
Bioweapons, 2017).
 Advances in Medical Science have led to great understanding of harmful
pathogens and the way the immune systems deal with them and the
development of vaccinations and treatments. On the contrary, man also was
able to developed destructive biological agents.
(Biowarfare)
 Today biological weapons are outlawed under 1972’s Biological Weapons

Convention and the Geneva Protocol. But while a number of nations have long
destroyed their stockpiles of bioweapons and ceased research into their
proliferation, the threat remains. There are many means which , bioweapons
are spread such as sending an infected person to enemy troops, sending of
paper bags full of plague-infested fleas or throwing infested blanket into
enemy land.
(Biowarfare)
1. Smallpox
 Is caused by the variola virus. Signs
of smallpox include high fevers,
body aches, and a rash that
develops from fluid-filled bumps and
when healed it produces scabs to
permanent, pitted scars. The
disease easily spreads through direct
contact with an infected person’s
skin or bodily fluids, and also
through the air in closed, confined
areas and contaminated snail mail.
(Biowarfare)
1. Smallpox
 The Center of Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) classifies smallpox as a
Category A biological weapon due to its high
mortality rate and it can be easily
transmitted through the air.
 In 1967, the World Health Organization
(WHO) conducted massive vaccination to
eradicate smallpox. As a result, 1977
marked the last naturally occurring case of
smallpox and the disease is completely
eradicated worldwide. But laboratory copies
of smallpox are still exist both Russia and
the United States as approved by WHO
(Biowarfare)
1. Smallpox
 Antidote for smallpox include proper
medical management for affected
patient is advised by following the
supportive care such as: the patient
should be isolated until all scabs have
fallen off (after 3-4 weeks after rash
onset) to prevent transmission of the
virus; maintain fluid and electrolyte
balance to avoid dehydration; give
medications for fever and pain; give
food rich in nutrition; skin lesions
should be properly treated.
(Biowarfare)
1. Smallpox
 Monitor complications and treat them
immediately; vaccination to prevent
severe transmission of smallpox and in
case of death, corpse should be
cremated; health workers should wear
protective clothing, face mask and
gloves and these should be properly
disposed or sterilized; pregnant women
should not receive smallpox
vaccination, and women should be
advised against being pregnant for 4
weeks after smallpox vaccination
(Aneela Naureen Hussain, 2015)
(Biowarfare)
2. Anthrax
 Is one the deadliest and most feared agent of
biological weapon. It is caused by a bacterium
called Bacillus antracis that is found naturally in
some animals in low levels but when its spores
inhaled by humans, it becomes deadly. It’s
killing power was tested by British Scientists
during Second World War on a tiny Scottish
Island to wipe out a flock of sheep. The sheep
started dying three days later. Experts revealed
that spraying a city of 100kg of Anthrax can kill
more than 3M of population. Its affects after
seven day of inhalation and death may occur if
not treated. The symptoms are fever, malaise,
fatigue, coughing, internal bleeding, blood
poisoning or even meningitis.
(Biowarfare)
2. Anthrax
 In 2001, letters containing a curious
white powder began spreading up at U.S.
Senate offices and media outlets with
anthrax. It infected 22 people and killed
five.
 Antidote for Anthrax infection includes
large doses of intravenous and oral
antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones
(ciprofloxacin), doxycycline,
erythromycin, vancomycin, or penicillin.
(Biowarfare)
3. Ebola Virus
 Is a killer virus that cause
hemorrhagic fevers marked by severe
bleeding. Ebola hit the news in the
late 1970s as it spread through Zaire
and Sudan, killing hundreds. Later
outbreaks came across Africa, Europe
and the United States. Ebola got its
name from Ebola River, which is near
one of the villages in the Democratic
Republic of Congo where the disease
was first discovered (WHO, 2018).
(Biowarfare)
3. Ebola Virus
 Antidote for Ebola Virus:
There is no vaccine no cure for
Ebola only proper medical
management such as avoiding
people who are exposed to it
maintain balance of fluids and
electrolytes and oxygen: blood
transfusion and treatment for
other infections.
(Biowarfare)
4. Plague / Black Death

 Black Death, pandemic that
ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351,
taking a proportionately greater toll of life
than any other known epidemic or war up to
that time. The Black Death is widely believed
to have been the result of plague, caused by
infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
Modern genetic analyses indicate that the
strain of Y. pestis introduced during the
Black Death is ancestral to
all extant circulating Y. pestis strains known
to cause disease in humans. Hence, the
origin of modern plague epidemics lies in
the medieval period. Other scientific
evidence has indicated that the Black Death
may have been viral in origin.
(Biowarfare)
4. Plague / Black Death

 Antidote for Plague: Antibiotics are
prescribed to treat bubonic plague,
and the patient is advised to be
hospitalized in isolation. Delayed
treatment can easily make the
bacteria quickly multiply in the blood
or spread through the lungs. If left
untreated, mortality rate is increased
50 – 99%.
(Biowarfare)
5. Tularemia
 Tularemia is a rare infectious disease. Also
known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, it
typically attacks the skin, eyes, lymph
nodes and lungs. Tularemia is caused by the
bacterium Francisella tularensis. The
disease mainly affects rabbits, hares, and
rodents, such as muskrats and squirrels.
Tularemia can also infect birds, sheep and
domestic animals, such as dogs, cats and
hamsters. Tularemia spreads to humans in
several ways, including insect bites and
direct exposure to an infected animal.
Tularemia is highly contagious and
potentially fatal, but can usually be treated
effectively with specific antibiotics if
diagnosed early.
(Biowarfare)
5. Tularemia
 Antidote for Tularemia: Tularemia is

not transferred between human hosts
but can be spread very rapidly
between animal hosts and humans or
when used in aerosol form. It can be
easily treated with antibiotics or
prevented with vaccines
(Biowarfare)
6. Botulinum Toxin
 Is caused by a bacteria Clostridium
botulinum that contains the deadly
botulinum toxin. It is colorless and
odorless in air. The spores are found
in fruits, vegetables and sea foods. In
this spore state. They are considered
harmless but when they begin to grow
they produce deadly toxin. Humans
primarily exposed to the toxin through
the consumption of contaminated
food. The deadly toxin were labeled
as Category A biological weapon.
(Biowarfare)
6. Botulinum Toxin
 Antidote for Botulinium: Antitoxin

drugs can be administered to the
patient to prevent the disorder
from worsening, but recovery still
takes many weeks according to
Davis (2017).
(Biowarfare)
7. Rice Blast
 Hundreds of millions of people world-wide
depend on rice as a staple food A crop
failure, for any reason, poses a real threat
of starvation. Rice blast, caused by a
fungus, causes lesions (Figure 3) to form
on leaves, stems, peduncles, panicles,
seeds, and even roots. So great is the
potential threat for crop failure from this
disease that it has been ranked among the
most important plant diseases of them all.
Other grasses, including crabgrass, are
infected with closely related fungi
(Magnaporthe grisea, Magnaporthe poae,
Magnaporthe rhizophila and Magnaporthe
salvinii), which cause nearly identical
symptoms on their respective hosts.
(Biowarfare)
7. Rice Blast
 Antidote for Rice Blast: to prevent
rice blast infested plants from
growing, it is suggested to develop
fungus resistant plant. Other crop
management measures can also be
done, such as: Do not use excessive
fertilizer, irrigate the soil regularly,
plant early, use silicon fertilizers
(ex. Calcium silicate) as alternative
fertilizer they help can be applied
to soils that can helped reduce blast
and apply proper fungicide to
infected plants.
(Biowarfare)
8. Rinderpest
 Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, is
a contagious viral disease affecting
clovenhoofed animals (mainly cattle and
buffalo). In 2011, rinderpest became the
second disease to be declared officially
eradicated, following eradication of the
human disease smallpox in 1980.
Rinderpest is caused by a virus of the
Paramyxoviridae family, genus
Morbillivirus. Many species of wild and
domestic cloven-hoofed animals (including
sheep and goats) show only mild symptoms
of the disease when infected, but for
cattle and buffalo, mortality rates can
reach up to 100 per cent in highly
susceptible herds.
(Biowarfare)
8. Rinderpest
 Antidote for Rinderpest virus (RPD):
There is no known treatment and
animals exposed to it are required to
be isolated and slaughtered.
Vaccination can be administered if
directed by the authorities. Proper
disposal of dead animals and
contaminated material. Maintain
cleanliness and proper sanitation of
cattle farms. Using disinfectants like
sodium hypochlorite a 3% household
bleach can kill RPV virus.
(Biowarfare)
9. Nipah disease
 Nipah virus (NiV) was first discovered in 1999
following an outbreak of disease in pigs and
people in Malaysia and Singapore. This outbreak
resulted in nearly 300 human cases and more
than 100 deaths, and caused substantial
economic impact as more than 1 million pigs
were killed to help control the outbreak.
 While there have been no other known
outbreaks of NiV in Malaysia and Singapore
since 1999, outbreaks have been recorded
almost annually in some parts of Asia since then
—primarily in Bangladesh and India. The virus
has been shown to spread from person-to-
person in these outbreaks, raising concerns
about the potential for NiV to cause a global
pandemic.
(Biowarfare)
9. Nipah disease
 NiV is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae,
genus Henipavirus. It is a zoonotic virus, meaning that
it initially spreads between animals and people. The
animal host reservoir for NiV is the fruit bat
(genus Pteropus), also known as the flying fox. Given
that NiV is genetically related to Hendra virus, another
henipavirus known to be carried by bats, bat species
were quickly singled out for investigation and flying
foxes were subsequently identified as the reservoir.
 Infected fruit bats can spread the disease to people or
other animals, such as pigs. People can become
infected if they have close contact with an infected
animal or its body fluids (such as saliva or urine)—this
initial spread from an animal to a person is known as a
spillover event. Once it spreads to people, person-to-
person spread of NiV can also occur.
(Biowarfare)
9. Nipah disease
 The symptoms of NiV infection range
from mild to severe, with death
occurring in 40%–70% of those infected
in documented outbreaks between
1998 and 2018.
 Antidote for Nipah virus: Treatment is
limited to supportive care
Chemical Weapon of Mass Destruction
 Chemical weapon of mass destruction is composed of toxic chemical contained
in a bomb that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory
irritation through its chemical action.
 After World War I, chemical weapons have seldom been used due to
their massive destruction and severe harm that urged the US senate to
ratify a global chemical weapons ban. Recent terrorist activity such as
the attack on World Trade Center in New York on September 11 just
proves that the technology of producing such weapons is still available.
 There are several kinds of chemical weapons, and their effectiveness is
controlled by its freshness, purity, weather conditions, wind direction, means of
dissemination, and other factors. They come in the form of
liquids, vapors, gases and aerosols.
Most common chemical weapon include:
 1. Sarin (GB) is a colorless, odorless, colorless nerve gas and
considered an organophosphate chemical, a potent pesticide.
Sarin was developed in Germany by Gerhard Schrader 1938 and is
used as a form of insecticide in many countries around the world.
Sarin is a highly toxic chemical that kills because it interferes with
signaling within the nervous system by suffocation. Sarin can
evaporate into a vapor (gas) and spread into the environment,
which can be deadly if breathed in or inhaled.
 The U.S. has stopped producing sarin since 1957. The production
and storing of sarin was banned 1997 by the U.N. Chemical
Weapons Convention. It was used as well by Iraqi insurgents, and
it's still being used in the ongoing Syrian Civil War. Antidote for
Sarin is exposure to Atropine and pralidexime chloride Sarin (GB)
(2.P.AM.CD) for nerve agent against toxicity; however, 2-PAMI C
must be administered within minutes to a few hours after
exposure to be more effective.
 2. Soman is a combination of Sarin and
Lewisite, an effective blistering agent.
It is more expensive to produce than
sarin. It is a colorless liquid, becomes
dark brown if aged. It is tasteless but
has been variously described as having a
sweet, musty, fruity, spicy or nutty
smell. It is more deadly than sarin and
tabun. The nerve agent Soman is said to
have come from the Soviet Union's
chemical arsenal. It is considered a
volatile substance effective mainly Soman
through inhalation (Greaves, 2010).
Antidotes to nerve agent poisoning must
be given immediately. These include:
Atropine, Pralidoxime Diazepam.
 3. VX, or O-ethyl S-
diisopropylaminomethyl
methylphosphonothiolate, is a very
toxic nerve gas. The United States
began producing VX in April 1961. VX
causes convulsions, loss of
consciousness, paralysis, and failure of
the respiratory system leading to
death.VX was first synthesized in the
early to mid-1950s by Ranaji Ghosh. It
is 100 times more deadly than sarin. An VX or O-ethyl S-
individual exposed to a nerve-agent is diisopropylaminomethyl
generally given the antidotes atropine methylphosphonothiolate
and pralidoxime (2-PAM).
 4. Tabun, was discovered by accident in
Germany by Gerhard Schrader, sometime in
1937. It is a colorless or brownish liquid, and
odorless as a vapor. Originally intended to be
used as pesticides, Tabun is considered
among the easiest of nerve gases to
manufacture.Signs of exposure to tabun are
visual disturbance, runny nose, chest
tightness, nausea, vomiting and convulsions.
Tabun can be mixed with water, and can be
used to poison water or food. It can also be Tabun
inhaled when released into the air.Antidote
for tabun is administration of injectable
atropine and pralidoxime (Kermit D Huebner,
2016). A large dose exposure can lead to loss
of consciousness, convulsions, paralysis and
respiratory failure. It can also lead to death.
 5 . Zyklon B is a colorless vapor at
normal temperatures with a smell like
bitter almonds. It is a type of hydrogen
cyanide used by the Nazis to kill victims
inside gas World War II. Zyklon B is
another poison gas invented in Germany
in 1920 by Fritz Haber.The toxic gas is
blown by the wind in all directions it
victimizes both enemy troops and
friendly forces. However, it has been Zyklon B
used by Iraq in the war against Iran and
against the Kurds in northern Iraq
during the 1980s.
 Mustard Agents was first used near the end of
World War I. Exposure to it caused severe eye
and lung damage. The chemical compound is
often called "blister agents because their
injuries usually resemble burns or blisters. Sulfur
mustard, commonly known as mustard have the
ability to form large blisters on exposed skin and
in the lungs. gas, Mustard gas exposure can
cause 2nd and 3rd degree chemical burns. Sulfur
mustard sometimes smells like garlic, onions, or
mustard and sometimes has no odor (Schneider,
Chemical weapon, 2016). There is no antidote Mustard Agents
for mustard exposure. The best thing to do is to
avoid it by leaving the area immediately where
the sulfur mustard is present. Go to higher
ground, because sulfur mustard being heavier
than air, will settle in low-lying areas.
Nuclear Weapon of mass destruction
 Nuclear weapons are just like conventional bombs but more powerful because
they release a huge amount of energy in a short period of time. Explosion is
created by changing the atoms themselves, either by splitting them or fusing
them together to create new atoms that release tremendous heat.
 About 30,000 nuclear weapons are believed to be held by countries around the
world. These weapons can each have an explosive power 20 times greater than
the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.. Since 1945,
no nuclear weapon ha been used in a conflict although possession of them is a
symbol of strength and prestige and can be used during diplomatic bargaining.
Two types of nuclear reaction that can
be used to make nuclear weapons
 FISSION WEAPONS
 In fission weapons, atoms are split. The core of a fission
bomb is made of either plutonium or highly enriched
uranium. During fission, when the heavy nucleus splits
into two smaller nuclei, extra neutrons are released.
This sets off what is known as a chain reaction.
 FUSION WEAPONS
 In fusion weapons, two isotopes of hydrogen are fused
together to create heavier atoms. There is no
theoretical limit to the explosive force of a fusion
weapon. Typically, fusion weapons are 10 to 100 times
as explosive just like the fission bombs dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Effects of Nuclear Weapons
 Nuclear explosion produces several distinct forms of energy
that each has its own devastating set of consequences:
 Blast refers to the very fast release of energy in an explosion

producing a shock wave equivalent to several thousand pounds of
pressure per square inch (psi), devastating force that can break most
objects on earth. By comparison, brick houses and human lungs can
be crushed at about 30 psi pressure or less.
 Thermal radiation-the heat from a nuclear explosion is so intense

that nearly all materials at the center of the explosion (epicenter) are
vaporized. The thermal radiation also creates a fireball which rapidly
expands outward, consuming oxygen and causing near total
destruction for some distance from the epicenter.The light produced
by a nuclear explosion can be seen from hundreds of miles away, so
intense that it can make sand explode, blind people many miles away,
ignite flammable materials at large distances, and burn human skin.
 Direct nuclear radiation - gamma rays and neutrons
can easily penetrate or pass through solid objects.
Beta and alpha particles are generally less dangerous,
having much shorter ranges several meters and
several centimeters. If ingested, alpha particles can
cause the most damage to the human body.
 Fallout - consists of large numbers of particles,
which are propelled upward in a nuclear explosion.
Some of this material will fall back to earth within a
few minutes and may continue falling for about 24
hours. Radioactive fallout may travel and settle in
place hundreds of miles away from the explosion site.
Effects of Radiation on Humans
 Large doses of radiation can cause death within hours, days or weeks of
exposure. Depending on the amount of radiation, how fast or slow is radiation
contamination, it can affect the cells, tissues and organs of the body.
 The most serious delayed, long-term effect of radiation exposure is increased
cases of leukemia, thyroid, lung, breast, and bone cancers. The type of
cancer acquired depends on how the body was exposed to radiation. In the
case of uranium mine workers, high cases of lung cancer is caused by inhaling
radioactive dusts.
 While workers who painted glow-in-the dark radium onto watch faces licked
their radioactive paintbrushes, which lead to increase cases of bone cancer
and radiation induced anemia.
 Hiroshima survivors exposed from the nuclear bomb attack have been seen to
manifest high cases of leukemia, cataracts, hair loss, increased in infertility
rates and birth defects (Reed)
Radiological Weapon of Mass Disruption
 Radioactive "dirty bombs" are weapons of mass

disruption not mass destruction. They are made
by combining radioactive material with
conventional explosives usually dynamite to
spread it. They would not cause massive death
and injury as compared to a nuclear weapon
detonation (NTL.com. 2015).
Photo Credits
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Lesson 4:

 They are: nuclear weapons, chemical warfare agents, biological warfare

 Date: 960 – 1279 AD

 Date: 1346 – 1347

 Date: 1754 – 1767

 Date: 1915 - 1918

 Date: 1922 – 1927

 Date: 1962 – 1970

 Date: 1963 – 1967

 Date: 1975 - 1983

 Date: 1983 – 1988

 Today biological weapons are outlawed under 1972’s Biological Weapons

4. Plague / Black Death

4. Plague / Black Death

 Antidote for Tularemia: Tularemia is

 Antidote for Botulinium: Antitoxin

 Blast refers to the very fast release of energy in an explosion

 Thermal radiation-the heat from a nuclear explosion is so intense

 Radioactive "dirty bombs" are weapons of mass

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