THE CELLS

Gen Bio 1- Q1, Week 2A

2 PRIMARY TYPE OF CELLS
Eukaryotic Cell-have distinct nucleus
containing the cell’s genetic material
Prokaryotic Cell- don’t have nucleus and
have free- floating genetic material
 ALL LIVING THINGS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 3
BASIC DOMAINS:

Bacteria Singled-cell organisms--PROKAYOTES

Smallest, simplest, ancient cells
Archaea
More complex eukaryotic cells-
Eukarya- EUKAYOTES
Smallest, simplest, ancient cells
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Animals, plants, fungi and protists
 PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
COMMON
DNA: genetic coding that determines all the
characteristics of living things.
Cell (or plasma) membrane: outer later that separates
the cell from the surrounding environment and act as a
selective barrier for incoming and outgoing materials.
Cytoplasm: jelly-like fluid within a cell that is composed
primarily of water, salts and proteins.
Ribosomes: organelles that make proteins.
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES DIFFER

Nucleus/DNA:
Eukaryotic cells have nucleus surrounded by a nuclear
envelope that consist of two lipid membranes, according
to Nature Education. The nucleus holds the eukaryotic
cell’s DNA.
Prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus; rather, they have a
membrane less nucleoid region (open part of the cell)
that holds free-floating DNA.
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES DIFFER

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells:

Mitochondria (convert food into ATP);
rough and smooth ER (transport synthesized
proteins;
Golgi complex (sort and package proteins for
secretion)
Chloroplast (plant, conduct photosynthesis)
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES DIFFER

Ribosomes:
In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomes are bigger, more
complex and bound by a membrane.
In prokaryotic cells, the ribosomes are scattered
and floating freely throughout the cytoplasm. The
ribosomes in prokaryotic cells also have smaller
subunits.
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES DIFFER

Reproduction:
Most eukaryotes reproduce sexually
Prokaryotes, produce asexually
Some prokaryotes have pili, adhesive hair-like
projection used to exchange genetic material
during a type of sexual process called conjugation.
EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES DIFFER

Cell Walls:
Most prokaryotic cells have rigid cell wall that
surrounds the plasma membrane and give shapes
to the organism.
In Eukaryotes, vertebrates don’t have cell wall but
plants do.
PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES

Tissues are made up of a group of

similar cells that are adapted for a
particular function.
 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Undifferentiated tissue
Contains actively dividing cell that result in
formation of other tissue types.
Give rise to cells that perform a specific function.
Once cells develop to perform this particular
function, they lose their ability to divide.
Cellular differentiation- the process of developing a
particular structure suited to a specific function
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Apical Meristematic tissue is found in
buds and growing tips of plant.
Makes plants grow taller or longer.
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Lateral Meristematic tissue makes
the plant grow thicker.
Occurs in woody trees and plants.
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
1. EPIDERMIS TISSUE- single layer of cells that cover
plants’ leaves, flowers, roots, and stems.
 Outermost cell layer of the plant body and plays a
protective role in the plant.
 Stoma- is a pore found in the leaf and stem epidermis
that allows for gaseous exchange. Bordered on either
side by a pair of specialized cells known as Guard
Cells.
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
2. Parenchyma Tissue- forms the
majority of stems and roots as well as
soft fruit like tomatoes and grapes.
Most common type of ground
tissue.
Responsible for storage of nutrients.
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
3. Collenchyma- simple, permanent
tissue.
-found in the shoots and leaves of
plants.
-gives strength in growing shoots and
leaves due to the thickened
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
4. Sclerenchyma tissue- supporting
tissue in plants, making the plants hard
and stiff.
types:
1. Fibers
sclereids
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Types:
1. Epithelial tissue- forms outer layer of the body and also lines many of the
body cavities where it has a protective function.
2. Connective tissue- assists in support and protection of organs and limbs
and depending on the location in the body it may join or separate organs
or parts of the body.
3. Muscle tissue enables various forms of movement, both voluntary and
involuntary.
4. Nerve tissue- responsible for the carrying of electrical and chemical
signals and impulses from the brain and central nervous system to the
periphery, and vice versa.
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Commonly see outside the body as coverings or as lining of organs and
cavities.
 Distinctive arrangements:
 Cuboidal- for secretion
 Simple columnar- brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption
 Simple squamous- plate-like cells; for exchange of material through
diffusion
 Stratified squamous- multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection
 Pseudo-stratified columnar- single layer of cells;
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Blood- made up of plasma; contains
water, salts and dissolved proteins
Erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC)
Leukocytes for defense (WBC), and
platelets for blood clotting
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue proper (CTP)-
made up of loose connective tissue
that is found in the skin and fibrous
connective tissue that is made up of
collagenous fibers found in tendons
and ligaments.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cartilage- characterized by
collagenous fibers embedded in
chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes
are the cells that secrete collagen
and chondroitin sulfate.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Bones- mineralized connective
tissue made by bone- forming
cells called osteoblasts which
deposit collagen.
MUSCLE TISSUE
 These tissues are composed of long cells called
muscle fibers that allow the body to move
voluntary or involuntary.
 Skeletal- straited; voluntary movements
 Cardiac- straited with intercalated disk for
synchronized heart contraction; involuntary
 Smooth- not straited; involuntary
NERVOUS TISSUE
Composed of nerve cells called neurons
and glial cells that function as support
cells.