Module 3

Methods of Analysis

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
This was developed by the
German physicist Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff. Kirchhoff established
two laws, namely:
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law
(KCL)
2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(KVL)

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

(1824 – 1887)
 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
It states that in any electrical
network, the algebraic sum of the Illustration of KCL:
currents meeting at a junction is
zero.
I1
∑ 𝑰=𝟎 I2 a
I3
Sign Convention for Kirchhoff’s I4
Current Law
a. A current entering a junction
be preceded by a positive sign.
must At junction a;
b. A current leaving a junction
be preceded by a
must
negative sign.
I1 + I2 – I3 – I4 = 0
 KIRCHHOFF’S MESH LAW or
VOLTAGE LAW
It states that the algebraic sum of all the voltage
drops of resistances across each of the conductors
in any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the
algebraic sum of the emf’s connected in that path is
zero.

∑ 𝐈𝐑+∑ 𝐞𝐦𝐟 𝐬=𝟎

′

Sign Convention for Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

a. A potential rise must be preceded by a positive sign.
b. A potential drop must be preceded by a negative
sign.
 KIRCHHOFF’S MESH LAW or
VOLTAGE LAW (cont…)

Potential rises when:

a. Going through a voltage source R
from negative to positive a + -b a b
terminals.
b. Going through a resistor in the I
opposite direction as the flow of
current. Potential rises from b to a

Potential drops when:

c. Going through a voltage source
from positive to negative R
a + -b a b
terminals.
d. Going through a resistor in the
same direction as the flow of I
current Potential drops from a to b
 KIRCHHOFF’S MESH LAW or
VOLTAGE LAW (cont…)
Illustration of KVL:
R1
a b

EA I EB
rA rB
R2

d c

Using path abcda:

-IR1 – EB – IrB – IR2 – IrA + EA = 0
 Sample Problem on
Kirchhoff’s Laws
1. Given:
EA = 150 volts
R1 R3
EB = 200 volts a b c

rA = 0.5 ohm
rB = 0.8 ohm I1 I3
EA EB
R1 = 8.5 ohms I2 R2
rA rB
R2 = 10 ohms
R3 = 15.2 ohms
R4 = 2 ohms f e d
R4
Determine I1, I2 and I3.
 Sample Problem on
Kirchhoff’s Laws
2. For the circuit shown, find VAG and VCE.

6Ω 8Ω
A B E F

10 V
20 V 40 V
5Ω 5Ω

D C H G
9Ω 7Ω
 DELTA AND WYE CONNECTED
RESISTANCES
In the analysis of networks, it is often helpful to convert a Y-connected load to
an equivalent delta-connected load and vice versa. This was developed by
the Americal electrical engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly (1861 – 1939).
1. Wye (Star) - Delta Transformation
The resistance of an arm of the Δ is equal to the sum of the products of
the resistances of the arms of the Y divided by the Y resistance directly
opposite to the Δ resistance.
𝐑 𝐚 𝐑 𝐛+𝐑 𝐛 𝐑 𝐜 +𝐑 𝐚 𝐑 𝐜
𝐑 𝐱=
a a 𝐑𝐜
Ra
Rx Ry 𝐑 𝐚 𝐑 𝐛 +𝐑 𝐛 𝐑 𝐜 +𝐑 𝐚 𝐑 𝐜
𝐑 𝐲=
Rb Rc 𝐑𝐛
Rz
𝐑 𝐚 𝐑 𝐛+𝐑 𝐛 𝐑 𝐜 +𝐑 𝐚 𝐑 𝐜
b c b c 𝐑 𝐳=
𝐑𝐚

If Ra = Rb = Rc = RΔ then
 DELTA AND WYE CONNECTED
RESISTANCES
2. Delta - Wye (Star) Transformation
The resistance of an arm of the Y is equal to the product of the
resistances of the adjacent arms of the Δ divided by the sum of the Δ
resistances.

a
𝐑𝐱𝐑𝐲
a
𝐑𝐚=
Ra
𝐑 𝐱 +𝐑 𝐲 +𝐑 𝐳
Rx Ry

Rb Rc 𝐑 𝐲 𝐑𝐳
Rz 𝐑𝐜 =
𝐑 𝐱 +𝐑 𝐲 +𝐑 𝐳
b c b c

𝐑 𝐱𝐑 𝐳
If Rx = Ry = Rz = RY then 𝐑𝐛 =
𝐑 𝐱 +𝐑 𝐲 +𝐑 𝐳
 Sample Problem on
Delta-Wye Transformation
1. Convert the Y-system ao-bo-co to delta system and
find (a) the total resistance and (b) the currents I a’b’, Idd’,
Iao, Ioc and Iob.
60 Ω
a’ b’
Ia’b’
d
40 Ω o 50 Ω
IT a b
Iao Iob
350 V 25 Ω
30 Ω
Idd’
Ioc
c
d’
 Sample Problem on
Delta-Wye Transformation
2. Convert the delta systems ac-ao-co and bo-od-bd
and find (a) the total resistance and (b) the current I ef.

a 80 Ω c
e

400 V 120 Ω 85 Ω
o
Ief

90 Ω

b d f
 MAXWELL’S LOOP CURRENT
METHOD OR MESH ANALYSIS
R1 R3
a b c
• Maxwell’s Mesh Analysis
This method which is particularly well- I3
suited to coupled-circuit solutions I1
employs a system of loop or mesh current
instead of branch currents (as in EA EB
Kirchhoff’s laws). Here, the currents in IA R2 IB
different meshes are assigned continuous rA rB
paths so that they do not split at a junction I2
into branch currents.
• Mesh – it is a loop that contains no other
loop within it. f e d
• Steps in using Maxwell’s Mesh R4
Analysis:
a. Divide the network into separate
meshes. I1 = IA I2 = IA – IB I3 = -IB
b. Assume a clockwise direction of Where:
circulating current (called the mesh
currents) around each mesh. IA and IB are the mesh currents
c. Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to each
mesh. I1, I2 and I3 are the resulting branch currents
 Sample Problem on
Maxwell’s Mesh Analysis
R4
ED
1. Given:
EA = 200 V R1 = I4
R1 R3
3Ω
EB = 150 V R2 =
6.2 Ω I1 E B I3 EC
EA
EC = 50 V R3 = r I2 rB
A
8Ω I5
I6 R2 R5
ED = 70 V R4 = R6
10 Ω
rA = 0.5 Ω R5 =
9Ω
rB = 0.8 Ω R6 =
 NODAL ANALYSIS
• Nodal Analysis
b. One node will be regarded as the
The node-equation method is reference node or node of zero
based directly on Kirchhoff’s potential.
current law unlike mesh analysis c. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law to
which is based on Kirchhoff’s each node.
voltage law. This method is
particularly suited for networks
having many parallel circuits R1 VA R2 VB R3
with common ground connected
such as electronics circuits. A B
• Node – it is junction in a circuit
where two or more circuit VA R4 VB R5
elements are connected EA EB
together.
• Steps in Using Nodal
Analysis:
a. The number of equations to C VC = 0
formed is n – 1; where n is
the number of nodes.
 Sample Problem on
Nodal Analysis

1. Given: R1 R2 R3
A B
EA = 200 V
EB = 50 V
EC = 150 V I1 I2 I3
rA = 0.8 Ω rB
E
rB = 0.5 Ω A I5 R5
I4 EB EC
R1 = 2.2 Ω rA
R2 = 4 Ω
R3 = 4.5 Ω R4
R4 = 5.5 Ω
R5 = 10 Ω
R6
C
R6 = 90 Ω

Find the currents by nodal analysis.

 Sample Problem on
Nodal Analysis
2. Use nodal analysis to find the currents in the
various resistors of the circuit shown.

10 Ω

I7
2Ω 1Ω

I1
I2 I3
I4 I5 I6
28 A 2Ω 5Ω 2A
4Ω
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
It states that the total current in
any branch of a bilateral linear
circuit equals the algebraic sum of R1 R3
the currents produced by each
source acting separately
throughout the circuit.
I1 I3
To ascertain the contribution of each
individual source, all of the other EA I2 EB
sources first must be "killed" (set to R2
rA rB
zero) by:
a. Replacing all other voltage source
with a short circuit (thereby
eliminating difference of potential.
i.e. V = 0) Electrical network with
b. Replacing all other current two sources of emf
sources with an open circuit
(thereby eliminating flow of
current. i.e. I = 0)
 SUPERPOSITION
THEOREM (cont…)
R1 R3

Where:
I1’, I2’ and I3’ are the component I1' I3'
EA
currents caused by EA acting alone I2' R2
rB
in the circuit. rA

I1”, I2” and I3” are the component

(a)
currents caused by EB acting alone
in the circuit.
R1 R3

I1, I2 and I3 are the resulting

currents caused by the I 1" I 3"
EB
simultanoues action of EA and EB in rA I2" R2
the circuit. rB

I1 = I1’ – I1”
(b)
I2 = I2’ + I2”
Circuits Illustrating
I3 = -I3’ + I3” Superposition Theorem
 Sample Problem on
Superposition Theorem

1. Given: R1 R3
EA = 200 V R1 = 4.5
Ω
EB = 160 V R2 = 30 I1 I3
Ω EA EC EB
EC = 60 V R3 = r A I2
19.2 Ω rB
rA = 0.5 Ω R4 = 10 R2
Ω
R4
rB = 0.8 Ω
Find I1, I2 and I3 by
superposition theorem.
 Sample Problem on
Superposition Theorem

2. Use superposition theorem to find the current I in the circuit

shown.
10 V

5Ω
150 Ω
120 A 40 A
I