RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

Program Studi Magister K3

Kelas PJJ

Mila Tejamaya, Ssi, MOHS, PhD

 SILABUS
-KOMPETENSI MATA KULIAH-

Kompetensi Utama:
Setelah menyelesaikan MK ini mahasiswa mampu membuat usulan penelitian sesuai
dengan kaidah ilmiah

Sub kompetensi:
• Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan konsep dan elemen penelitian seperti rumusan
masalah, tujuan, desain penelitian, pengumpulan dan analisis data
• Mahasiswa mampu menentukan masalah dan tujuan penelitian K3 berdasarkan
data , informasi dan telaah literatur
• Mahasiswa mampu menentukan desain penelitian yang tepat sesuai dengan
masalah dan tujuan penelitian
• Mahasiswa mampu menentukan metode pengumpulan data dan analisa data yang
sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian
An Introduction

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Questions to be answered:

• What is research?
• What are objectives of research?
• What are research design and methodology?
• What types of research methodology are
available?
• Research process
What is research?
• Search for knowledge
• A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge
• Systematized effort to gain new knowledge
• The search of knowledge through objective and systematic method
of finding solution to a problem
• Systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem,
formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analysing the
facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of
solution(s) towards the concerned problem or in certain
generalizations for some theoretical formulation
 Objectives of research
• Exploratory or formulative research studies
– to gain familiarity with phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
– To find key issues and key variables
• Descriptive research studies
– To provide an accurate description of observations of a phenomena
– Mapping, similarities/contrast, profile
• Diagnostic / relational research studies
• Hypothesis-testing of causal relationship between variables
(causal research studies)
 Exploratory Descriptive Explanatory
research Research
Degree of Key variables are Key variables are Key variables and key
problem not defined defined relationships are
definition defined

Example Why OHS What have been Which of two training

performance of the trends of programs is more
this company is hazmat truck effective for reducing
declining? accident within the workers’ illness?
past 10 years?
 Types of research
• Descriptive vs analytical
• Applied vs fundamental
• Quantitative vs Qualitative
• Conceptual vs emphirical
• Cross sectional vs longitudinal
• Library, Field-setting, laboratory
or simulation research
 Types of relationship
• Refers to correspondence between
two variables (dependent and
independent variables)
• The nature of the relationship and
the pattern of it
– Nature of relationship: simple
correlational relationship and a causal
relationship
– Pattern: no relationship, positive or
negative relationship
RESEARCH DESIGN AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Is a plan to answer research questions, such as:
Strategies used to implement that plan
• What is the study about and what type of
data is required? • How to collect data:
• What is the purpose of the study? – Observation
• What information do you need? – Survey
• How much information do you need? – Interview
• Why do you want this information? – Focus Group discussion
• When do you need it? – Experiment
• How are you going to get the information?
– Secondary data analysis
• From whom are you going to get the
information?  – Mixed method
• How will data be analysed?
• What should be the approximate
expenditure?
 Types of Research Methodology
• Experimental approach: uses experiment to collect measurable data  how
one variable effect another variable?
• Survey: identify characteristics of population by looking at a subset of
population (sample).
• Case study
• Action study
• Ethnographic study
• Correlation: what is the relationship between x and y  bivariate;
multivariate
• Multisite, multi-method, and large-scale research
EXAMPLES:
A qualitative study of employers' and employees' meanings of occupational
health and safety (OHS) risk control was conducted among a sample of small
businesses engaged in the Australian construction industry. Two OHS risks
1
relevant to the construction industry were selected for study. One risk (falls from
height) represented an immediate consequence, whereas the other (occupational
skin disease) represented a long-term health effect. Meanings of the sources and
control for these risks were explored during in-depth interviews. Participants
perceived the immediate effect, falls from height OHS risk, as being more
important in their workplaces than the delayed effect, skin disease OHS risk. The
risk of falls from height was perceived to be controllable but requiring a great deal
of effort to prevent, whereas there was a fatalistic resignation to the risk of
occupational skin disease. Meanings of risk control for both occupational skin
disease and falls from height focused on individual rather than technological risk
controls. Organizational barriers to the adoption of technological OHS risk
controls in the construction industry were identified.
 2
Extensive information is available from official statistics and descriptive studies on the
association between different socio-demographic background factors and sickness
absence. This information addresses age, gender, place of residence, and socio-
economic status. However, few studies have thoroughly analysed these background
factors, and rigorous scientific evidence on the causal relationship between these
factors and sick leave is lacking. Regarding the family, we found no scientific evidence
that marital status or children living at home were associated with sickness absence.
However, we found limited scientific evidence for an effect of divorce. Regarding work-
related factors, we found limited scientific evidence for an effect of physically stressful
work, and moderate scientific evidence for low psychological control over the work
situation. We found limited scientific evidence for a correlation in time between
unemployment and sickness absence, but insufficient scientific evidence for the causes
of the association. There was moderate scientific evidence that the amount of sickness
absence is influenced by the design of the social insurance system, but insufficient
evidence on the magnitude of change required to influence the level of sickness
absence. Essentially the same results apply to disability pension, although the number
of studies is small. However, we found moderate scientific evidence for the effects of
socio-economic status, which could be explained partly by childhood experiences.
 Research and scientific method
• Scientific method: philosophy of all research method
• Pursuit of truth by logical consideration
• An attempt to achieve a systematic interrelation of facts
• Scientific method implies an objective, logical and systematic method:
– Free from personal bias or prejudice
– Ascertain demonstrable qualities of a phenomenon capable of being verified
 validity
– Researches is guided by the rules and logical reasoning
– Investigation proceeds in an orderly manner and implies internal consistency
Research Process
 Assignment 1

Define your research

problem and
question!