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Challenges in building Mobile
Applications

2
1. OS Fragmentation

Windows
7

Fragmentation

3
2. Multiple Teams/Product

Windows
7

Multiple
Teams/Products 4
3. Uniform User Experience

Windows
7

Uniform User Experience

5
Types of Mobile App Development

1. Native Mobile Apps

2. Cross Platform Mobile Apps
3. Hybrid partly Native partly Cross Platform

6
Native Mobile Apps

When To When Not To

 High Performance Apps  Performance is not the main
criteria

 Heavy on OS and Device Features

 More or less Replicates Web Apps
with few device feature
 Complex N/W comm.

 Standard Restful
 Only Few Platforms

 Many Platforms
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Cross Platform Mobile Apps

When To When Not To

 Performance is not the main  High Performance Apps
criteria
 More or less Replicates Web Apps  Heavy on OS and Device Features
with few device feature
 Standard Restful
 Complex N/W comm.
 Many Platforms
 Time to market is critical  Only Few Platforms
 Saving Cost is critical

8
Hybrid Mobile Apps
When To Why To
 Fairly Simple UI • Some parts of app are common
• Rest parts are different
 Complex Backend • Use Cross Platform to develop
common part
 Quite few platforms • Use Native to develop the weight
lifting parts

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Mobile context
awareness
Reducing Distraction

 User attention is a precious resource

The most successful mobile
computing systems of the
next decade will be those
that are able to reduce or
eliminate user interactions

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User Interaction with Mobile Device

 Mobileapplication autonomy can reduce user

interaction.
 Mobile
application should place greater
dependence on contextual information

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Traditional View of Computer Systems

Context independent:
acts exactly the same

input Computer System output

Human in the loop

Motivation

 Modern computers are divorced from reality

 Unaware of who, where, and what around them
 Leads to mismatch
 Computers have extremely limited input
 Aware of explicit input only
 Can take a lot of effort to do simple things
 Context-Aware Computing
 Making computers more aware of the physical and social worlds we live in
 Breaking computers out of the box
Context as Implicit Input/Output

explicit Context-Aware explicit

input System output

Context:
• state of the user
• state of the physical environment
• state of the computing system
• history of user-computer interaction
• ...
Definition of Context

 Schilit divides context into three categories:

 Computing context (available processsors, network capacity etc.)
 User context (location, nearby people,etc.)
 Physical context (temperature, lighting, noise levels, etc.)
 Time is also important and natural context
 Time context
=> context history
Why Context-Aware Computing?

Existing Examples Context Types Human Concern

Auto Lights On / Off Room Activity Convenience

Calendar Reminders Time Memory

Smoke Alarm Room Activity Safety

Barcode Scanners Object Identity Efficiency

Why Context-Aware Computing?

Potential
Existing Examples
Examples Context Types Human Concern

Auto Cell Phone

Auto Lights On / Off Activity Convenience
Off In Meetings Identity

File
TagSystems
Photos Time
Activity Finding Info
Location
Calendar
Proximal Reminders Proximity
Identity Memory
Activity
Smoke
Health Alarm
Alert Identity & Time
History Safety

Service Fleet …
Barcode Scanners Time Efficiency
Dispatching
Examples of Context

 Identity
 Spatial: location, orientation, speed
 Temporal: date, time of day, season
 Environmental: temperature, light, noise
 Social: people nearby, activity, calendar
 Resources: nearby, availability
 Physiological: blood pressure, heart rate, tone of voice
Context Awareness & Mobile Apps

 Context-aware applications tend to be enhanced

mobile applications for the following reasons:
 Usercontext changes frequently subject to the user’s
mobility behavior
 The need for context-aware behavior is greater in a
mobile environment (user location, network resources,
and device capabilities)

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Sensing the Context (1/3)

 Location:
 Outdoors: GPS
 Indoors: IR, RF, ultrasonic, camera
(cellular and non-cellular)
 Hybrid: IEEE 802.11, Mobile-IP
 Issues:
 Heterogeneous sensors with uncertainty and conflicts (sensor fusion)
 Data vs sensor networks
 Making mobile devices location-aware
Sensing the Context (2/3)

 Low-level contexts beyond location

 Time: time-of-day (with calendar)
 Nearby objects
 Network bandwidth
 Orientation
 Others: photodiode (light), accelerometer (tilt, vibration),
microphone, sensors for temperature, pressure, gas, etc.
 Issue: sensors in mobile devices or infrastructure => direct
vs. indirect awareness
Sensing the Context (3/3)

 High-level contexts: user’s activity

 Camera technology and image processing
 Consult calendar for what user is to do
 Combine low-level sensors using rules
 How about emotional contexts?
People Issues

 Avoiding dangerous situations

 Need to take into consideration cost of mistake
 Smoke alarms when cooking
 Lights that turn off when you're still there
 Will adding more context really help here?
People Issues

 Making it predictable and understandable

 Setting preferences
 "I want my cell phone to ring except in theaters and when I'm in a
meeting unless…"
 Privacy
 What does the computer know about me? What do others know about me?
 Capturing/collecting lots of information about people, places and devices
 People uncomfortable when don’t know what is being collected and how
it’s used
Killer Applications?

 Need something to focus and drive the research

 Need something to put in the hands of real people
 Business model: how to make money from it?
Summary

 Userattention is a precious resource in mobile

environment
 Mobileapplication should reduce user
interaction
 Mobile
application should place greater
dependence on context
 Needbalance of user control due to imperfect
context information
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Thank You!