CHECK ATTENDANCE

U N I V E R S E
 August 24-25, 2022

UNIVERSE
The formation of the
universe
JOVANESSA A. MARCABAN
 LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
1. Enumerate the different hypotheses explaining the
origin of the universe.
2. Show how universe was form according to the
different hypotheses.
3. Value the importance of knowing the origin of
universe.
 UNIVERSE
● The universe is all of space and time and their
contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and
all other forms of matter and energy.
Steady State Theory
 Steady State Theory

● Who- Fred Hoyle (developed in

1948)
● What- “Infinite Universe”
● When- no beginning or end
● Where- everywhere
● How- new matter is
continuously created as the
universe expands
 Steady State Theory

● Strength- since the

universe is unchanging,
there is no need for a
convoluted explanation for
its beginning. What is,
always was, and will
continue to be.
 Steady State Theory

● Weakness- discovery of the

cosmic microwave
background radiation in
1965, which was predicted
by the Big Bang theory.
 Steady State Theory

Stephen Hawking said that the

fact that microwave radiation had
been found, and that it was
thought to be left over from the Big
Bang, was "the final nail in the
coffin of the steady-state theory."
Oscillating Theory
 Oscillating Theory

 Who- Albert Einstein (developed in 1930)

 What- “Cyclic Model”
 When- 13.7 billion years ago
 Where- here and there
 How- universe following an eternal series of
oscillations, each beginning with a big bang
and ending with a big crunch; in the interim,
the universe would expand for a period of time
before the gravitational attraction of matter
causes it to collapse back in and undergo a
bounce
 Oscillating Theory

● Strength- accepts that the

universe is expanding
(Big Bang theory)
 Oscillating Theory

● Weakness- discovery of
the cosmic microwave
background radiation in
1965, which was
predicted by the Big Bang
theory.
 Oscillating Theory

○ Most recent measurements

on CMB radiation show the
Universe will continue on
expanding and will most
likely result in the “Big
Freeze” (heat death) of the
universe.
Creation Theory
 Creation Theory

● Who- a Creator or an Unmoved

Mover
● What- belief system, aka “faith”
● When- before time was created
● Where- wherever God was
● How- In the beginning “God”
created the heavens and the earth.
 Creation Theory

● Strength- The law of cause-and-

effect shows that the First Cause of
all things must be an infinite,
eternal, omnipotent, omnipresent,
omniscient, spiritual, volitional,
truthful, loving, living Being!
 Creation Theory

● Weakness-
○ Any effort to
determine the cause
of the universe is
purely hypothetical.
 Creation Theory

● Weakness-

○ No human was there to observe

the processes, so any attempt to
understand events of pre-history
(especially original events) must,
therefore, be based on "belief
systems," or presuppositions.
 Creation Theory

● Weakness-
○ While the theories and ideas may be
many, the presuppositions can only be
of two sorts:
■ 1) There is an infinite series of
causes, going back into infinite
time, with no ultimate Cause; or
■ 2) There exists an uncaused First
Cause that was "outside" or
transcendent to the universe.
Big Bang Theory
 Big Bang Theory

● Who- Georges Lemaître (proposed in

1927)
● What- “Hypothesis of the Primeval
Atom”
● When- 13.7 billion years ago
● Where- in the middle of nowhere
● How- an extremely dense and hot state
that blew up and continues to expand
today
 Big Bang Theory

● Strength- in 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that

the distances to far away galaxies were generally
proportional to their redshifts
 Big Bang Theory

● Weakness- without any evidence associated with

the earliest instant of the expansion, the Big
Bang theory cannot and does not provide any
explanation for such an initial condition; rather,
it describes and explains the general evolution of
the universe since that instant.