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Unit 1:

SENSES

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5 Sense architecture:
Given that the vast majority of people in the world live in cities and spend nearly all of
their time inside, architecture has a significant impact on human welfare. The most of
architecture, on the other hand, is intended for the sight of the observer, and neglects
other non visual senses such as hearing, smell, touch, and even taste. This negligence
may be to blame for a variety of illnesses that many people encounter today, ranging
from sick-building syndrome (SBS) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), not to mention
the rising problem of noise pollution. However, in order to design structures and
surroundings that support human health and well-being, it is vital to consider not just
the influence of the various senses on the residents of a building, but also the way
sensory atmospheric/environmental signals combine.

A room is much more than simply how it looks. The user's experience may be
significantly impacted by scents, sounds, and textures. Based on this, sensory
architecture has the potential to deepen interactions between people and the built
environment. A room designed with all the senses in mind may evoke emotions like
coziness, warmth, cleanliness, comfort, and surprise. In addition to the ambient
temperature, the warmth of the colors and the texture of the wood may contribute to
the comfort. Concrete is seen as a cold material, however you may change this
perception by including other features like plants, contrasting hues, and other decorative
components. We all have five senses, and when we perceive a location, we do it via
those five senses. It gives designers five resources to look at and use.

There are five sense modalities — or sensations :

1. Vision
2. Hearing
3. Smell
4. Taste
5. Touch

https://www.cooperhewitt.org/2018/04/03/why-sensory-design/
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https://www.archdaily.com/903925/touch-it-smell-it-feel-it-architecture-for-the-senses
Sight: the primary sense
We use our sense of sight to understand forms, distance, movement, color, heat, and
depth. The eye's overall purpose is to operate as a biological camera, absorbing light and
translating pictures into nerve impulses that may be sent to the brain. Our bodies can
view the physical world thanks to the human visual system. Compared to variations in
the color itself, the eye is significantly more sensitive to overall light and color intensity.
Eye contact is the initial point of interaction and is essential for social engagement.
Undoubtedly, the primary method of acquiring spatial information is vision.

Visual perception and architectural design practice may be related in a variety of ways.
The importance of sunlight in a space cannot be overstated in terms of user comfort.
Because of this, a thoroughly thought-out lighting design that incorporates natural light,
colors, and focal points is essential to boosting people's spirits and enthusiasm levels,,
which in turn directly influences their hunger, motivation, and capacity for
concentration, among other things.

Touch: feel the surrounding

According to Pallasmaa, touch is more accurate than sight and less prone to error. While
tactility perceives the closeness, the eye touches the distance.
Skin comes into direct touch with the environment. By using our sense of touch, we may
foretell if something will be hot, cold, dull, sharp, smooth, or moist.
The first sensory pathway to form in humans is the sensation of touch. Temperature,
pressure, and texture are only a few of the different physical stimuli that may be
distinguished by touch.

The sensation of touch is affected by texture, weight, density, and heat. There are many
different types of materials; some can be polished, others are unpolished, some are
warm, some are cold, and some are even designed to communicate with their
surrounding environments. It gives us a lot of freedom to play around with materials and
engage our senses.

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Sound: the rhythm of space
It is the ability to perceive sound. Hearing is all about vibration, and our responses
depend on how quickly and to what stimuli our nerves react.

To compare the two completely unrelated concepts of noise and music. While noise is
an undesirable sound that is typically exceedingly loud and meaningless, music is the
skill of arranging and blending sounds in order to achieve a harmonic tune.

The whole room may be affected by a change in the acoustics. Aural warmth is produced
by deep pile carpets, while auditory coldness is produced by marble floors and glass
walls. The key concept is reverberation time. So how might architecture boost our sense
of hearing? A prime example is ambient music. One that is undervalued is water. Sound
is important.

Smell: The scents that trigger emotions

A location can be recognized by its scent, or it might be created by a smell. Similar to
how the aroma of polished wood and musty leather book bindings contributes to an
ancient library's character, the aroma of oil paint gives an artist's studio its distinctive
aroma.

Smells bring back memories and are linked to certain locations, such as "it smells as
home" or "it smells like its a hospital." These connections have the potential to be
utilized in architecture to amplify certain feelings and provide a whole brand experience.

Currently, several components used in architecture, such as sand, fresh water, and
construction materials, have distinctive smells that may be used to identify them even
when they cannot be seen. Consider a landscape with various aromatic flowers, the
perfume of the soil, a room with artificial smells, or even an outdoor kitchen where the
aroma of freshly prepared food might pervade the space.

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Taste: the rhythm of space
Your tongue has taste buds, which are sensory organs that let you experience the flavors
of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.

If there is a gallery, the visitors pass through gutters that are filled with various liquids of
varying densities and colors, each of which they may remember tasting differently. They
will locate the correct route that is closer to water if they follow the clearer liquid.

“The suggestions that the sense of taste would have a role in the appreciation of
architecture may sound preposterous. However, polished and colored stone as well as
colors in general, and finely crafted wood details, for instance, often evoke an awareness
of mouth and taste. Carlo Scarpa’s architectural details frequently evoke sensation of
taste.”  - Pallasma

The flavor of tang may be recalled by using bright red colors, the taste of sweetness,
such as chocolate, can be recalled by warm brown hues, and the taste of sour can be
recalled by yellow and orange. A certain green might also conjure up sourness and even
bitterness.

https://www.archdaily.com/969493/sensory-design-architecture-for-a-full-spectrum-of-sense
s 6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00243-4
Need for incorporating 5 senses in architecture:
1. As individuals judge whether they like or dislike something by using their senses to
perceive it, designing for the senses is admirable. As a result, when someone sees a
building, they get a sense of what they liked or disliked about it.
2. In addition, according to architectural theory, the three senses of sight, hearing, and
touch are often the ones that are most satisfied. Taking scent and taste into account
is not difficult since, if I look into it, there are many things or methods by which it is
genuinely feasible.
3. Including all the senses would make the structures more communicative. People
will be able to connect with it directly without any additional explanation or
instruction. Using it makes things for the general public easier by default.
4. What occurs when we are surrounded by all of these senses? Results demonstrate
that a location may become more productive by appealing to all five senses there.
5. In the end, it makes the person residing there or inhabiting it feel really happy. A
loud, smelly, unpleasant setting, for instance, never encourages or makes one want
to be there.

https://blog.interface.com/how-engaging-the-senses-creates-meaningful-design/#:~:text=Ulti
mately%2C%20the%20goal%20of%20an,touch%2C%20smell%2C%20and%20taste 7
.
Conclusion/Inferences:
1. Connect with memories: According to the study, the fact that memories of an
event are dispersed around the brain's sensory regions is crucial. When a memory
involving one sense is activated, memories involving other sensations are also
brought to mind.

2. People and Structures Connect to Nature: Our society is becoming more and
more conscious of the advantages and significance of environment to our health.  
We all have memories of parks, waterfront trails, boat rides, watching birds fish in
rivers, and spending time on the beach.  In addition to drawing visitors, these areas
attract birds and other animals that enhance our daily lives. Pleasant flowers and
surrounding greenery also stimulate our five senses.

3. Creating Life in Space Via all of the senses : A building's architecture may
more closely resemble the culture of its surroundings. When the senses are taken
into consideration, addressing historic, traditional, or modern cultural patterns
might result in a successful architectural construction. The architecture is brought
to life when the human body walks through, perceives, smells, feels, heals, and
even tastes a place. Layering is a key element of architectural space. The
combination of spatial elements creates a symphony for inhabitants to enjoy,
similar to a musical composition. Adding vitality to a room requires that
architectural form and function serve more than simply the eye. All of the senses
may be stimulated, allowing form and function to be more completely articulated,
allowing occupants to experience moments that are richer and more significant,
experiencing the whole spectrum of their environment.

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Unit 2:

HEALING ARCHITECTURE

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What is healing architecture?
To grasp the notion of healing space, we must first understand the derivation of the
term 'healing'. Healing is derived from the Anglo-Saxon term 'healen,' which meaning
to make whole. Another approach to look into it is as a balance of mind, body, and
soul. Many people confuse healing with cure, which are diametrically opposed at their
core. Curing is more concerned with dealing with fixed issues, eliminating illnesses,
and treating symptoms, whereas healing is much more concerned with the
experience. An organizational culture known as "healing environments" aids in the
recovery of patients and their loved ones from the strains that come with disease,
hospital surroundings, doctor visits, etc. A caring and therapeutic atmosphere is
present in a healing setting. Well-designed healing environments have been shown in
studies to improve patients' mental and physical health, minimize their hospital stays,
lower their pain, and speed up their recovery.

In the 1980s, the field of study known today as "healing architecture" emerged to
examine the impact of physical space on the therapeutic outcomes for patients. It is
based on a research released in 1984 by Roger Ulrich, Professor of Architecture at
Sweden's Centre for Health Design. He demonstrated that if patients were in rooms
with a view of a park with trees, they might be discharged sooner and required less
painkillers after surgery. Later research revealed which other aspects are vital not just
for the well-being of patients and residents, but also for staff.

A caring and therapeutic atmosphere is characterized as a healing setting. According to

research, well-designed surroundings can lower patients' anxiety and stress, hasten
healing, minimize hospitalizations, reduce medication consumption, reduce pain, and
create a sense of well-being. Exposure to nature, such as vistas to the outdoors, indoor
or outside gardens, aquariums, soothing colors, natural light, pleasant noises, and so
on, all contribute to the development of such atmosphere.

https://www.geze.com/en/discover/topics/healing-architecture
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https://mdfoundation.org/5-steps-to-create-your-own-healing-space/
The Need for Healing Spaces:
The globe is quickly becoming more urban. Cities are home to over 60% of the world's
population. By 2050, the figure will have risen by 20%. People in cities are confined to
their dwellings, which are surrounded by walls, concrete structures, and roofs. People
are already spending more time in the virtual environment than in reality. Large cities
and societies imply higher levels of stress, pollution, unemployment, and so forth. The
growth of technology, hectic work schedules, a decline in physical activities, decreased
human-nature interactions, and other things have all led to psychiatric condition, anxiety
levels, and a sense of discomfort.

In an era where cases of overwork and exhaustion are gradually climbing to an all-time
high, the demand for spaces for rejuvenation continues to increase. These areas serve as
a getaway from the contemporary world, a sanctuary where one can relax and recover
from the hectic pace of everyday life in a metropolis. As a result, recovery centers are
the primary spatial type that must consider wellness throughout the entirety of their
design process, as they aim to create spaces that can restore an individual's physical,
mental, and spiritual health.

Healing surroundings are physical environments that aid in the rehabilitation or healing
process by easing tension and discomfort, regaining mental health, renewal, and so on.
The healing process is repeated in hospital conditions that produce additional stress
because they are too small, lack décor, smell, and lack natural light, among other things.
As a result, healing places must evolve to meet the requirements and comfort of
contemporary generations. What are the adjustments that may be made? What aspects
or attributes contribute to a healthy healing environment?

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designing-for-typologies/a8342-the-concept-of-heal
ing-spaces/ 12
What are the types of healing environment?
To begin learning about the various categories, let us first define an Optimal Healing
Environment. An OHE is a concept established first by Samueli Institute in 2004 to define
a medical system that is meant to stimulate and promote patients', families', and care
providers' intrinsic healing power. An OHE is made up of people, their behaviors, and the
physical environment in which they live. An Optimum Healing Framework is comprised
of eight principles that are contained inside the four settings. Cognitive, interpersonal,
behavioral, and environmental factors.

The individual and their internal environment are the starting point for the internal
environment. Personal wholeness or healing ideas inside oneself include it. When
positive exchanges occur between both the healer and the patient, the interpersonal
environment speaks of improved healing. The behavioral environment refers to the
practice of healthy lifestyles such as physical activity, a balanced and nutritious meal,
relaxation and stress management, a harmony between work and leisure, proper sleep,
and so on. Finally, the exterior surroundings should exude tranquilly and tranquility.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/OHE-Optimal-Healing-Environmental-strategy-Source-Ter
ri-Zborowsky_fig2_331327944 13
Intent of healing architecture:
The objective is to include patients in the healing and rehabilitation process. For this
reason, it's important to create environments that are soothing for both patients and
their loved ones.
Architecture for healing aspires to:
• Reduce environmental pressures include light, loudness, a lack of privacy, and poor
air quality.
• Introduce nature to patients.
• By giving the patient alternatives and choices—for example, seclusion vs. sociability,
the style of music, etc.—you may improve the patient's mood.
• Promote social support possibilities. Encourage sentiments of calm, optimism,
introspection, and spirituality.

Advantages of healing architecture:

1. An effect that can be measured, such as a decrease in the length of time patients
spend in the hospital, the number of illnesses they develop, and the amount of
discomfort they experience.
2. According to research from the Department of Neuropsychiatric Science, hospital
stays for bipolar disorder patients who were given brighter, east-facing chambers
with morning sunshine were roughly four days shorter than those for patients who
were given west-facing rooms.
3. Researchers from the Environmental Design Research Association discovered that
when genuine nature images were put on the walls of the multipurpose lounge, the
number of patients who display "aggressive and irritated" behavior was reduced by
70%.

https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/civicrm/persist/contribute/files/Exploring
%20the%20Concept%20of%20Healing%20Spaces%282%29.pdf 14
What are the architectural elements that would affect healing?
Science continues to establish a significant correlation between our surroundings and
our health, with studies suggesting that patients who are exposed to calming images,
sounds, scents, and textures have better results. According to Amy Wing, Occupational
Therapist at Essentia Health, "The space we are in really contributes to our health and
well-being, The more comforting and soothing a space is, the easier it is for people to
focus on their healing.”
In practice, architecture has the potential to alter and impact our perceptions and
emotions through aspects like as space, light, and geometry, all the way down to the
materials used in its creation. It's not simply an instinctual sense, though; scientific study
has proven that particular cells in our brain's hippo campal area attune themselves to
the locations and environments we dwell.
But what about the specifics of architecture and how they effect us? What
characteristics of a building's architecture do designers consider when eliciting an
emotional reaction from individuals who see it?

1. Ceiling Height
2. Building Views
3. Color
4. Light
5. Facades
6. Space
7. Shape/form
8. Ventilation
9. Sounds
10. Vernacular aspects

People use their five senses—touch, smell, taste, vision, and sound—to perceive the
world around them, therefore concentrating on and treating these five might cure the
person as a whole. The rhythmic music should reflect the harmony of the design, the
comfort and leisure are the true taste, and the luxury and custom components should be
created in such a manner that their essence affects the human. a delight for the eyes,
and the ability to breathe in the scents of natural elements sums up what designers
need to design.

Now let's talk about those elements of space in relation to healing our five senses,
which will then repair the architecture.

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Ceiling height: The distance between an individual and the tallest point in a space may
have a significant influence on someone's thoughts and behaviors. Higher ceilings, such
as those seen in painting studios, may encourage free, abstract cognitive processes,
whereas lower roofs allow for a more precise, concentrated perspective. Lower ceilings
make appropriate from a design standpoint in locations where things demand the
utmost care, such as operating rooms.

Building views: The appearance of the exterior can have a significant impact on how
easily you become sidetracked. If you're surrounded by lush vegetation, such as fields,
trees, and shrubs, you're more likely to focus on the activity at hand. It has been argued
that if the structure is placed in a more metropolitan area, where nature is scarce, these
busy environs might be far too distracting to keep concentrated.

Color: Color has a real physical effect. Even the color of a building's interior may
influence our attitude and perceptions. The color pallet may evoke a specific mood or
feeling. Blues and white seem to evoke emotions of tranquilly and quiet, while orange is
exciting and inspires excitement, and green accents can aid to relieve tension.

Light: Light influences our well-being visually by allowing us to see space,

physiologically by influencing hormone production, and emotionally by impacting mood
and general comfort. In the late 1800s, Florence Nightingale found that patients who
were exposed to light healed quicker than those confined to rooms.  Artificial lighting
that simulates daylight can be used in the absence of natural light. Colored lighting
might help to create a relaxing ambience in patients' rooms.

Façade: The environment outside of a structure can influence emotional reactions. The
appearance of a structure may have a psychological influence; if something appears
wonderful, it is likely to make us pleased. A complicated façade is likely to be admired,
yet anything boring may be very destructive to others. A skyscrapers or a block of
apartments, for example, may seem intimidating and featureless. At least, this is what
environmental psychologist Colin Ellard discovered after doing research on this
fascinating oddity.

16
Ventilation: In India, it is necessary to construct a place in order to collect the wind
that blows from northeast to southwest and, when it does, cures the area with its purity
and freshness.

Spaces: The more calming and comfortable the environment, the faster patients
recover. In recent years, designers have begun to use aesthetic features to decrease
stress and anxiety, improve health and healing, and so on. Studies have shown that
exposing individuals to nature or environment home designs can aid in a faster and
more complete recovery.

Shape/Form: In general, healthcare institutions are enormous, box-like structures with

deep floor plans, making it difficult to include natural light, which can only reach roughly
13 feet in a space with a 9-foot high window. Better building orientation is necessary to
exploit nature's finest potentials for an energy-efficient design. Long passageways are
avoidable.

Sounds: Music provides major health benefits, such as lowering anxiety and heart and
respiration rates. It can help lift one's spirits and brighten up the therapeutic
atmosphere. Music selection and variety are critical. Noise exposure or sounds inside or
surrounding the environment, on the other hand, tend to make individuals less
interested.

Vernacular aspect: India is a country with many different climates and faiths, so
creating places that take into account how adaptable the locals are is therapeutic in and
of itself.

Even in this day and age, non of the patient would prefer to be treated as such. They do
not want cramped, stinky, tight quarters, rooms deprived of nature, to spend too much
money, and so forth. All that is required is an environment that allows them to forget
about the therapy procedure. Wellness retreats and spiritual healing has risen to
prominence, and their motto is "vacation with excellent health!"

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designing-for-typologies/a8342-the-concept-of-heali
ng-spaces/

https://www.mynewlab.com/blog/the-science-of-architecture-how-design-affects-the-way- 17
we-feel/
Conclusion/Inferences:
"Patients at regular hospitals are not treated well. A patient's confidence decreases
while they are ill, and going to the hospital is often a source of unneeded concern.
Finding your way around is tough. Extreme physical and mental fatigue are often
influenced by the surroundings. People who enter feeling optimistic quickly begin to
wilt.“ With the development of technology, hospitals have increasingly drifted away from
holistic medicine, which goes beyond addressing physical ailments. Better care does not
inevitably follow from more technical advancements. One of the most prevalent and
harmful variables impeding a patient's healing is environment. Yet, many hospitals limit
the amount of sunshine that patients may access when they enter the rooms. aromas or
the elements of nature.

Nobody wants to be treated like a patient, not even in the current times. They don't
want to spend too much money, have unnaturally tiny, odorous, cramped quarters, etc.
All that is required is an environment to distract them from the procedure. Traveling in
good health is their mantra, and therapeutic venues like wellness retreats and spiritual
healing have gained popularity.

According to several studies. It all begins with the environment that a patient is exposed
to; when patients feel happier and more comfortable, their bodies react positively,
which will aid recovery by boosting their immune system. Light, color, seclusion, and a
connection to nature are some of the features that these locations share. While these
design factors cannot heal a disease, they are essential components of a therapeutic
environment for the patients' healing and recovery.

Nowadays, the design of healthcare facilities includes highly tight rules to fulfill health
requirements. The examination of alternative designs that could arouse the senses to
lessen stress and promote healing is the main goal.

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Unit 3:

MATERIALS

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Significance and impact of building materials:
Building materials are a crucial component of the discipline of architecture. The kind of
construction and the material selection are influenced by the site selection as well as the
surroundings.
The kind of material utilized affects the structure's kind and shape. The idea of "building
materials" exalts the sturdiness and aesthetic value of design. It not only gives a building
purpose, but it also improves its venustas (beauty) and firmitas (aesthetics) (structure).
This article examines the factors that contribute to the significance of building materials
in architecture. Materials for construction aid in:
1. Determine the connection between aesthetic appeal and structural
soundness.
2. Give the structure personality and aesthetic appeal.
3. Determine a building's age and style.
4. Chart the development of the building arts.
5. Combine utility and aesthetics.
6. Emphasize the construction project's subject and design idea.
7. Choose the best location for a project according to the availability of
materials and how well it fits the design.
8. Establish the budget for construction projects.
9. Make sure number and quality are related.

Typically, the components of a building's structure are determined by the kind of

material that was utilized in its construction. The primary topic or idea of the building is
taken into consideration in every single space division in a design. Each component of
the structure is connected to the others in terms of notions of color, dressing, and
outlook depending on the construction material(s) used. The language of an element is
often influenced by the materials used to create it. Depending on the style of design,
these materials highlight the topic and idea of the design in quantitative terms. The
material used forms a link between a structure's durability and the technical and
structural elements of its built environment design. The attractiveness of architecture
may be improved by repeatedly carrying out these interactions in an efficient manner.
Using these precise interrelationships allows for the production of astounding results.

A number of these materials also have a link with nature that may enhance wellbeing of
an individual.

“In building, wellness is the new sustainability,” says Jonathan Penndorf,

https://www.coa.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=181 20
Psychological effects of materials:
Numerous studies have shown the direct impact that shapes, forms, colors, tones,
texture, materials, etc. have on people's actions and reactions to their surroundings. The
spatial arrangement and design influence and determine how we as a society react to
one another and to ourselves.
While offering us security and safety, being encased in these concrete and brick walls
reduces the transparency and liberty of our thoughts and actions.   We come to
understand that all of our nostalgia is based on the senses and perception when we
travel back to those pleasant old recollections. Even when we think of our loved ones,
the things we miss the most are their fragrance, their touch, and their presence.
Humans cling to their senses to judge how something or someone makes them feel.

Architecture is a kind of social art that affects our environment. It offers us the resources
we need to grow as a civilization. The environments we work in, eat in, sleep in, and
have fun in all shape our health, capacities, reactions, and effectiveness. The material
that will be used to carve such gaps represents the crucial decision. Without "material,"
we are unable to give our places life, creativity, and personality. Understanding what
kinds of material appeal to which parts of our brain, what kinds of materials work best in
what kinds of environments, and so on is crucial.
Due of the present pandemic, it is more important than ever to pick materials carefully.
It is the responsibility of the architects to use materials that calm, relax, and re-energize
the body, soul, and mind. Given how disconnected everything looks right now, mental
health is about to stabilize. The desire to employ such materials in a design that
encourages a good social and personal attitude. It is a truth that how our places are
constructed affects the crime rate, health factor, suicide rate, well-being, and
advancement of a civilization.

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a1275-how-do-materials-affect-
human-psychology/ 21
Types of materials:
1. Stone
Description: Living in a stone building is low maintenance and environmentally
beneficial, and any leftover stone from the construction may be utilized to complete the
house with worktops or tiling. Stone is a naturally occurring material, so there are no
more resources required to make it when you build with it. It also doesn't emit any toxic
substances or dangerous chemicals into the inside of your house.
Advantages: Low maintenance: Because stone needs less care over time. Durable: This
material is fire-resistant, performs well in a variety of climates, and should hold up well
in the event of a natural catastrophe.
Psychological effect: Natural stone, a product of nature, is uplifting wherever it is used.
When used as the front façade, natural piled stone purges the home of any negativity
and creates a clean atmosphere. It aids in bringing positive energy within. The use of
natural stone in tile flooring also fosters a strong connection between people and the
environment. The use of natural stone for outdoor flooring, kitchen worktops, and wall
claddings eases anxiety and promotes tranquilly.
One's mental state may be improved by natural stone's hues. The hues of the stone used
for home design have a direct impact on mood changes. The intrinsic variances and
textures of natural stone convey freshness from interior to outside

2. Clay
Description: Clays are pliable until dried or burned, then they turn hard and brittle due
to particle diameter and water content. Bricks and roof tiles are made from clay
worldwide. Clay is "sustainable" because it can be easily removed from the earth and
treated, such as rehydrating to modify its form or straw, sand, etc. to strengthen it.
Thermal bulk and insulation are also helpful. Clay is strong and stable. Fire-resistant and
earthquake-resistant, it might last 100 years or more.
Advantages: Clay can be applied to walls, façades, roofs, gardens, terraces, and open
areas. they  are suitable for most architectural styles. Energy-efficient: Clay construction
materials minimize energy consumption due to their heat storage and insulating
capabilities. Durability: Clay construction materials are strong, stable, and last over 100
years. Clay tile and brick buildings are earthquake-proof, fireproof, and weatherproof.
Clay bricks and tiles are attractive and flexible. Organic: Bricks and tiles all are allergen-
free and environmentally friendly.
Psychological effect: Clay works thinks new and retrofitting buildings should prioritize
human and environmental health. Air quality improves health, cognition, physical
development, income, and economic performance. Clay plasters keep indoor
temperatures between 40% to 70%, which prevents most health problems. Unfired clay
absorbs and releases humidity quicker than any other construction material.
https://www.rgpv.ac.in/campus/CE/Unit-1_BT-204_%20Stones.pdf
https://qualitymarbleindia.com/blog/natural-stone-colour-psychology/ 23
https://clay-works.com/healthy-buildings/
3. Cob
Description: Cob is a natural building material that even novices may use to create their
own eco-friendly house. Cob is a kind of mud created from a variety of organic
materials, including soil, sand, straw, and sometimes even lime. Cob houses do take
longer to construct than traditional builds, and you’ll also want to monitor the humidity
in your cob home to prevent mold and related health problems.
Advantages: Cheap: Building a home made of cob can end up being nearly one-tenth of
the cost of a traditional build. Energy-efficient: Cob homes slow down the rate of heat
transfer, which helps to regulate their internal temperature, in turn letting homeowners
save on monthly electric bills.

4. Adobe brick
Description: Brick made of adobe is another conventional construction material that is
both old and environmentally beneficial. Clay and straw are used to make adobe bricks,
which are common in the Middle East and the Americas. Moreover, adobe insulation
helps maintain stable indoor temperatures, much as other natural materials. 
Advantages: Reduce sound transmission: it provides natural noise shielding,. Distinctive
design: Architects may utilize innovative forms and angles when creating adobe
dwellings since the sun-dried mud bricks are readily chopped and altered.

5. Earth bags
Description: This natural substance, also referred as sandbags, is comprised of (mainly)
dirt that is then packed into bags and stacked on top of one another in a manner akin to
bricklaying. Earth bag dwellings, also known as rammed earth homes, are normally
constructed in a trench and raised up from there before being plastered with stucco or
adobe.
Advantages: Insulation: Earth bag houses offer natural insulation that is healthier for the
health of the occupants and are packed with lighter materials. Locally sourced: As
these are built of sacks of earth, it is feasible to utilize local soil for the organic
combination to make the construction as environmentally friendly as possible.

Psychological effect: Since they are durable and honor the cycle of life, earth materials
fundamentally represent the holistic approach. When an earthen structure is left
unoccupied or becomes unusable, it will simply decay and blend into its surroundings,
leaving behind harmless remains.
Earthen materials, in contrast with numerous other materials that impact IAQ and put
inhabitants at risk for health problems throughout the course of a building's lifetime,
have zero volatile organic compounds (VOCs) . Recent research has shown that earthen
architecture, when used appropriately during the building process, produces excellent
indoor air quality, particularly because of its passive ability to buffer moisture.

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https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.0182
6. Bamboo
Description: Creating a unique designs by using bamboo because of its resilience and
attractive appearance. Additionally, it has one of the planet's quickest rates of growth,
making it more sustainable than others. Due to fire safety concerns, insurance premiums
for bamboo houses are higher than for other structures like stone and adobe since home
insurers define them as frame building
Advantages: Durable: Bamboo has great tensile strength than steel, and can withstand
compression better than concrete. Lightweight: Bamboo is easy and cheap to transport
to a construction site thanks to its hollow sections, saving money during the build.
Psychological effect: According to a 2017 Sichuan Agricultural University research,
looking at bamboo may relieve stress, lessen anxiety, and increase attention span.
Bamboo has increased the potential for environmentally friendly building and versatility
in designing natural, peaceful spaces with the bare minimum of human comfort. Using
these resources may encourage a positive outlook, boost self-esteem, and enhance
mood and conduct.

7. Wood
Description: A robust natural material which has long been utilized for both interiors
and exteriors. Due to its renewable status as a carbon-neutral resource, wood is indeed
a sustainable resource when properly obtained. Wood can withstand compression and
has a comparatively high tensile strength. Many varieties of wood have quite different
characteristics.
Advantages: Simplicity of the design:  Unlike certain other building materials, wood
beams, joists, and studs may be cut to size on-site, and no heavy machinery is needed.
Sustainability:  Unlike structures composed of concrete or steel, wooden structures are
created from trees, a renewable resource that is particularly plentiful. Insulation:  Wood
has poor thermal conductivity, thus it retains heat and provides for a more energy-
efficient housing. Better air quality: wood structures have superior air quality and lower
harmful emissions than some other types of building materials.
Psychological effect: Science is proving that being in nature and using natural materials
benefits us. The main hormone associated with the detrimental effects of stress—
cortisol—declines after exposure to wood. Wood provides a cozy, warm, and cozy
sensation. There are over a hundred different types of wood.  Similar research found
that when wood is present, as opposed to when it is missing, blood pressure and pulse
rate are lower. he variety of wood grains, textures, and tones may affect how people feel
and how productive they are in different ways. They may also be utilized to provide a
fragrant environment that greets and soothes you throughout the day.

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6. Straw
Description: Straw is also another biomaterial that may be utilized as wall base. Plaster
is often used to finish straw bale dwellings once they are constructed. Several studies
show that this plaster makes straw bale dwellings more fire-resistant than regular
structures. Pests and allergies may affect this economical, sustainable natural
construction.
Advantages: Easily renewable: Straw is readily available around, allowing it more
efficient and environmental friendly than other renewable sources. Cheap: Building with
straw is inexpensive since it's so abundant.
Psychological effect: It occurs naturally, it poses no health risks. As it is not hay, it does
not trigger hay fever, and many people with allergies prefer it as a building material
because of how harmless it is. As straw is a permeable material that does not off-gas
dangerous toxins like formaldehydes like many contemporary materials do, it may
improve the quality of the air we breathe while also assisting in keeping the inside air
clean. An additional perk of living in a straw-bale home is the soothing, serene
environment it provides. This is due in part to the excellent soundproofing, in part to the
clean air, and in part to the home's overall organic vibe, which creates an atmosphere
that is at once attractive, comforting, and secure.

7. Concrete
Description: Cement, sand, gravel, and water are mixed in the right amounts to create
concrete, a composite construction material. The foundations, columns, beams, etc. are
can be built using concrete. Several sorts of grades are used to make concrete. its grade
indicates the durability of the material.
Advantages: Easily renewable: Straw is readily available around, allowing it more
efficient and environmental friendly than other renewable sources. Cheap: Building with
straw is inexpensive since it's so abundant.
Psychological effect: The appearance of concrete is one that is strong and dominant. It
gives the impression of unidirectionality, focus, rigidity, homogeneity, and other
characteristics. It could be most appropriate for use in an office setting in which there is
minimal need for upkeep and little opportunities for distraction.

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8. Brick
Description: Bricks may be thought of as any rectangular unit meant to be laid in mortar.
In terms of compressive strength, many bricks are on par with stone. They are also very
durable and resistant to fire. When dropped, bricks may shatter easily. Many different
types of soil, sand, clay, lime, calcium-silicate, concrete, and ceramics may all be used to
create modern bricks.
Advantages: They are Economical (Raw material is readily accessible). Strong and long-
lasting.  Normal construction requires just average compressive strength.  Variations in
surface texture are caused by orientation and side.  Very little in the way of upkeep
expenses are necessary.  Material that can be recycled and used again. Exceptional
resistance to flames. Less pollution during production to the natural environment
Psychological effect: A

9. Glass
Description: Glass is valuable for its optical properties, such as its capacity to refract,
reflect, and transmit light. It is a tough yet fragile material. A common goal in glass
production is to achieve a see-through or translucent appearance. The majority of glass,
which comes in hundreds of varieties, includes silicon dioxide. Glass is prized as a
material for its optical qualities, especially its transparency.
Advantages: It reduces building dead load since it is lightweight. Unobstructed vistas
make rooms seem larger. It brings nature inside when utilized outside. Curtain walling in
the façade floods rooms with natural light, boosting worker productivity. The outside
glass reduces glare, heat absorption, and UV rays. This makes the building energy-
efficient.
Psychological effect: Glass contribute to giving the impression that the area within the
home is larger. In addition to lengthening the space, it creates a whole different
atmosphere. A glass structure also increases the amount of natural light that enters the
space, illuminating every corner. This contributes to the illusion that the interior space is
greater than it really is. Glass gives a structure a more appealing and interesting
appearance because it can transmit, refract, and absorb light. As a result, it enhances
the mood of those who reside there. Glass  lets guests look inside to the inner spaces
gives a welcoming and honest touch. 

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https://simplicable.com/materials/building-materials
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Conclusion/Inferences:
The materiality of buildings, which refers to the many ways in which people interact with
the components of a structure, has the potential to trigger a range of positive emotional
states and sensations in individuals.

The acoustic quality of a room constructed with more traditional materials, such as
straw and clay, for example, is softer and more insulating than that of a room
constructed with more modern materials. It is also very important to have a good sense
of touch, whether the surfaces have a harsh texture from clay plastering or a warm
texture from exposed wood beams. Taking in the natural finishes with their muted
tones, the way the sunlight streams in through the windows, or the view of the
landscape beyond. All of this stimulation of the senses prompts a reaction from our
subconscious, which may, in the long run, be beneficial to our health.

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0the%20structural%20frame,the%20umbrella%20of%20functional%20materials
.
Unit 4:

BIOPHILIA

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Biophilic architecture: nature meets concrete
In ancient Greece, “Biophilia" meant "love of life." Although biophilia seems to be a
recent phenomenon, the idea was initially proposed by psychologist Erich Fromm in
1964, and thereafter  was popularized in 1980s by biologist Edward O. Wilson.
He studied the disconnection from nature caused by urban life.

Biophilia refers to the human tendency for a positive emotional and physiological
response when interacting with natural environments, a need that persists even in the
contemporary world. Biophilia may be reflected in built environments by making use of
methods and materials that bring the outdoors inside. Most structures nowadays make
use of elements of the surrounding natural landscape. There is a greater dependence on
the usage of water, plants, sunshine, and natural resources. Because the link with nature
is not always formal, but rather a process of emulating nature's unique techniques,
another common feature of Biophilic designs is that they employ organic forms and
silhouettes in place of straight lines.

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What is and isn’t a biophilic design:
Biophilic design aims to gratify our fundamental need to associate with nature in
contemporary structures and cities since our "natural habitat" of today is mostly the
constructed world. Hence, biophilic design aims to produce ideal habitat for humans as
biological beings living in contemporary buildings, landscapes, and communities.
Meeting a few requirements is necessary in order to achieve this goal. Secondly,
biophilic design is concerned with the elements of nature that have helped to promote
our health and well-being throughout development.  Any part of nature in a built
environment can't be called "biophilic design" if it doesn't have anything to do with the
natural tendencies of our species that have helped it survive and thrive.

Five prerequisites for the successful use of biophilic design are derived from these
specific traits. Each emphasizes what biophilic design IS and ISN'T:
1. Biophilic design places an emphasis on human responses to the natural
environment that have throughout the course of evolution been crucial in
enhancing people's health, fitness, and welfare. Exposures to nature that are not
necessary for human productivity or survival have minimal influence on a person's
welfare and do not effectively use biophilic design.
2. An ongoing, continuous connection to nature is necessary for biophilic design. An
isolated, infrequent, or occasional encounter with environment has nothing more
than superficial, temporary impacts on individuals and sometimes even works
against encouraging positive consequences.
3. Design interventions that link with the whole environment or area must be
reinforced and integrated into a biophilic design. . Effective biophilic design DOES
NOT include natural elements into isolated spaces, such as a solitary plant, an out-
of-context photograph, or a natural material that contrasts with other dominating
spatial aspects.
4. Biophilic design encourages emotional ties to spaces and environments. In
gratifying our natural need to identify with nature, biophilic design fosters a
sentimental bond with specific locations and situations. 
5. Design that promotes biophilia encourages long-lasting, productive interactions and
connections between people and the environment. The security and productivity of
humans are dependent on harmonious interactions taking place in a physical
environment. An effective biophilic design strengthens relationships between
people and their surroundings and gives individuals a stronger sense of belonging
to a meaningful community.

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Principles of biophilic design:
The 6 principles of biophilic design application are:

1. ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES: Biophilic design promotes the human-nature

connection by incorporating natural elements like water, sunshine, flora, etc.
Nature-filled areas relieve stress, increase comfort, and heal residents. They
increase connection, introspection, and rest.

2. NATURAL SHAPES AND FORMS: Biophilic design incorporates natural shapes and
forms. Columns, ovals, arches, shells, spirals, floral patterns, biomimicry, etc. Nature
seldom has right angles and straight lines.

3. NATURAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES: This idea involves sensory transitions and
complementing contrasts. Buildings with central focal points, patterned wholes,
and defined borders accomplish this.

4. LIGHT AND SPACE: This philosophy emphasizes lighting. The room is engaging,
dynamic, and sculptural due to abundant natural light.

5. PLACE-BASED RELATIONSHIPS: Its biophilic aspect emphasizes ecological

connections to mountains, deserts, rivers, and vegetation. It prevents
"placelessness."

6. EVOLVED HUMAN-NATURE RELATIONSHIP: This idea highlights people' intrinsic

interaction with nature. Biophilic design emphasizes nature.

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Attributes/elements of biophilic architecture:
Biophilic design is the practice of using different design strategies, which we call
experiences and attributes. Design applications rely on a project's restrictions, including
buildings and landscapes, project scale, economic, logistical, legal, cultural, and
ecological concerns. Biophilic design needs following the above concepts.

Three kinds of experience of nature represent the basic categories of our biophilic
design framework. These include nature incorporation, nature inspiration and nature
interaction. The incorporation of nature refers to real interaction with environmental
aspects like as ambient daylight, air, vegetation, animals, water, landscapes, and others
in the built environment. The inspiration from nature refers to interaction with a
representation or picture of nature, the modification of nature out of its original state,
or exposure to certain patterns and processes typical of the natural world. The
interaction with nature refers to spatial aspects of the natural surroundings that have
improved human health and well-being.

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The incorporation of nature:

 Daylight: It is essential to human health. With creative use of light

and shadow, diffuse and varied light, and spatial qualities, natural light
may take on aesthetically pleasing forms.
• Design Strategies: Use reflecting colors and materials, glass walls,
skylights, atria, clerestory windows, and other methods to bring in
natural light - With various low-glare electric light sources, ambience
diffused lights on walls/ceiling, and daylight-preserving window
coverings, you may recreate the spectral and ambient properties of
natural light.

 Water: It is a fundamental to life and may reduce stress, improve

health, and boost performance in the built environment. The five
senses—sight, hearing, touch, taste, and movement—enhance water's
appeal.
• Design Strategies: Put in fountains, rainwater spouts, ponds water
walls, aquaria, etc. to create a waterscape - Proximity to bodies of
water, whether manmade or naturally occurring

 Air: Natural ventilation improves comfort and productivity. Flow of air,

temperature, moisture, and barometric pressure may improve built-
environment natural ventilation.
• Design Strategies: Operable windows, vents, smaller constructions,
etc. increase natural ventilation - Adjustable windows, ducts, airshafts,
porches, clerestories, HVAC systems, and more simulate natural
airflow.

 Plants: Among the most effective methods for integrating the direct
nature experience into the constructed world is vegetation,
particularly blooming plants. Plants may reduce stress, increase
comfort, support physical health, boost productivity, and reduce
workload.
• Design Strategies: Introduce some greenery to the interior - Green
roofs, walls, and facades add vegetation to structures.

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  Animal: Its presence in the urban landscape may be difficult and even
controversial. Frequent and isolated contact with animal life has
minimal effect. Interaction with animal life should, wherever possible,
involve a variety of species, with an emphasis on native rather than
non-native animals.
• Design Strategies: Provide habitats for animals, including ponds,
aquariums, etc. - To attract wildlife, construct habitats that are animal-
friendly, such as nesting boxes, gardens, green roofs/walls, etc.

 Landscape: Humans appreciate landscapes with extended trees, an

open understory, water, forested edges, and other savannah-type
qualities that were vital to human evolution. Most people prefer even
ordinary natural landscapes over artificial and human-dominated ones.
Self-sustaining ecosystems are gratifying.
• Design Strategies: Construct wetlands, meadows, prairies, woodlands,
and other ecosystems- Interior landscape atria, courtyards, entryways,
halls, etc - Window views of woodlands, seascapes, and water themes

 Weather: An awareness and response to weather has been an

essential feature of people’s experience of nature throughout history,
critical to human fitness and survival. The perception of and contact
with weather in the built environment can be both satisfying and
stimulating.
• Design Strategies: Increase weather exposure through moveable
windows, porches, balconies, courtyards, etc - Use transparent roofs,
rainfall collectors, and spouts to raise awareness of weather conditions
- Weather simulations include sunshine, airflow, humidity,
temperature, and barometric pressure.

 Time and season change: reduce workload.

• Design Strategies: See how the building facade changes after long-
term exposure to nature - Show plant seasonality.

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The inspiration from nature:

 Forms and shapes: It's not uncommon to find more allure in

encountering shapes and forms seen in nature. Leaf-like patterns on
columns, plant shapes on building facades, and animal mimicry woven
into textiles and coverings are just a few examples of the wide variety
of naturalistic forms that may be used.
• Design Strategies: Create architectural forms, structural elements,
components, and interior spaces that mimic the shapes and motifs of
living things (biomorphic design) - Biomorphic features include
botanical/animal motifs, shells, spirals, egg, oval, tubular, arches,
vaults, domes, etc.

 Patterns and geometries: Patterns and geometries seen in nature

often have underlying mathematical features. Scales that are organized
in a hierarchy, fake geometries that are more sinuous than stiff,
patterns that repeat themselves yet change over time, etc.
• Design Strategies: Use fractals, scales, and ratios that are arranged in
a hierarchy in your designs - Fibonacci sequence  and the Golden Ratio
may be used for this - Choose the sweet spot between the two
extremes (1:1.3e1.75)

 Images: Plants, animals, landscapes, water, and geological

characteristics in the constructed environment are emotionally and
intellectually fulfilling. Photographs, paintings, sculptures, murals,
videos, computer stimulations, and other media may create these
pictures.
• Design Strategies: Use paintings, photography, movies, and textiles to
depict natural landscapes, wildlife, flora, or geological aspects - Images
of the natural world need to depict a wide range of animals, scenery,
or human experiences of surviving in it.

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  Mechanisms: It refers to natural forms and functions, notably in
other species, that have been adapted or offer answers to human
needs and challenges. Technologically capturing these traits of
nonhuman nature may result in clear utilitarian gains and inspire
human awe for the brilliance of other species and the natural
environment.
• Design Strategies: Biomimicry, often known as "learning from nature
to fulfill human needs," is the practice of designing products and
systems by emulating the success of naturally occurring ones.

 Materials, textures and colors: Natural materials may promote

reflective and dynamic living matter to adapt to survival issues
throughout time. Nature's aesthetics and textures are hard to match.
Biophilic color should include earthy hues like soil, rock, and plants. To
accentuate flowers, sunsets, sunrises, rainbows, plants, and animals,
use bright colors sparingly.
• Design Strategies: Consider using natural materials such as wood,
rock, bamboo, stone, and clay - Think of textures that go beyond
materials, including light, color, and sound - Employ earthy hues like
blue, green, and other natural hues.

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The inspiration from nature:

 Prospect and refuge: Prospect and sanctuary adapted humans.

Prospect offers lengthy views of surroundings that reveal potential and
hazards, while refuge offers protection and security. Functional and
pleasurable constructed environments may have these complementing
qualities. Vistas, visual links between internal areas, and safe,
protected locations may generate this biophilic result.
• Design Strategies: Open views/vistas (prospect) and under
shelters/safe places are complimentary (refuge) - Via window views,
balconies, courtyards, colonnades, etc., one may get a sense of both
the interior and the outside - Create refuges with controlled
illumination.

 Enticement: Freely travelling between varied and frequently intricate

places is often necessary for comfort and wellness. Clear roads and
ports of entrance and egress promote mobility and security, whereas
their lack causes uncertainty and anxiety.
• Design Strategies: Cantilevers, infinity edges, translucent facades,
routes under/over water, sceneries defying gravity, etc. create "peril“ -
Winding passageways, transparent materials, invisible sound sources,
obscuring/curving edges, etc. create "mystery".

 Connection of spaces: While attempting to successfully navigate an

environment, it is frequently necessary to have a firm grasp on the
links between the various places, which may be assisted by transitions
that are distinct and unmistakable.
• Design Strategies: Transitional spaces like porches, patios, balconies,
courtyards, pavilions, gardens, entryways, foyers, atria, etc. should
have interior-exterior links - Mobility in entrances, exits, hallways,
stairs, high glass elevators, etc.

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  Complexity and order: Complexity in natural and human
environments indicates alternatives and possibilities, which people
want. Complexity may be chaotic. The most rewarding settings are
complicated yet ordered. Complicated areas are varied, whereas
ordered ones are connected and coherent.
• Design Strategies: Order abundant details and variety - In exposed
building structures, facades, and details, consider natural shapes,
patterns, and geometries - Pick materials with certain colors and
textures or arrange plants carefully.

 Connection of places: Territoriality helped people manage

resources, remain safe, and relocate. Cultural and ecological variables
may promote territoriality. Culturally relevant designs humanize a
space. Understanding local landscapes, plants, animals, and weather
patterns may also create emotional affinity. Culture and ecology
maintain natural and artificial ecosystems.
• Design Strategies: Views of notable monuments, landscapes,
waterscapes, geological formations, and so on - Use local materials
and plants - Use landscape characteristics to determine building
shapes or Savanna-like landscape design.

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Biophilic designs and patterns:
Nature in the space:
The topic of Nature in the Space is the material and transitory presence of nature in an
area. Anything in the natural world, such as plants, water, animals, winds, noises, and
smells.   Creating deep, personal connections with these natural components, especially
via variety, motion, and multi-sensory interactions, is key to achieving the most powerful
Nature in the Space experiences.

1. Visual Connection with Nature: Nature, biological systems, and processes.

2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature: Auditory, olfactory, or gustatory sensations
that intentionally and positively reference nature, living systems, or natural
processes.
3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli: Unpredictable, stochastic nature linkages.
4. Thermal & Airflow Variability: Subtle air temperature, relative humidity, skin
airflow, and surface temperatures that resemble natural conditions.
5. Presence of Water: A water-enhanced environment.
6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light: changing light and shadow intensities to mimic nature.
7. Connection with Natural Systems: Knowledge of seasonal and temporal variations
in a healthy environment.

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Natural analogues:
Natural Analogues explores biological, non-living, and indirect natural evocations.
Nature influenced artworks, adornment, furniture, décor, and textiles. Mimicry
resembling shells and leaves, organic furniture, and natural materials which have been
treated or severely changed  give an indirect link to nature. Information richness
structured and occasionally growing creates the best Natural Analogue experiences.

1. Biomorphic Forms & Patterns: Symbolic allusions to natural curved, patterned,

textured, or numerical groupings.
2. Material Connection with Nature: Natural materials that, with little modification,
represent local ecosystem or geology and provide a feeling of location.
3. Complexity & Order: Abundant sensory information with a natural spatial
hierarchy.

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Nature of the space:
Nature of Space discusses natural spatial arrangements. Our instinctive and trained need
to look beyond our immediate surroundings, our attraction with the somewhat scary or
unknown, clouded vistas and revelatory moments, and occasionally even phobia-
inducing traits when they contain a trusted aspect of safety. Deliberate and engaging
spatial layouts mixed with Nature in the Space and Natural Analogues provide the
greatest Nature of the Space experiences.

1. Prospect: Unobstructed long-range vision for observation and planning.

2. Refuge: A refuge to escape the environment or primary action, sheltered from
behind and above.
3. Mystery: The lure of additional information via partly concealed sights or other
sensory gadgets.
4. Risk/Peril: Identifiable danger and dependable protection.

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Psychological effect of biophilic design on healing:
Biophilic design emphasizes well-being since it benefits people of all ages, skills, and
economic backgrounds (Heerwagen, 2009). Also, research suggests that nature improves
human health, well-being, and productivity. Kellert (2005) concludes:

o Direct contact with nature (e.g., natural lighting, greenery) and figurative and
symbolic images of nature improve healing and recovery after sickness and major
surgery.
o Individuals living in close to open spaces experience less health and social issues.
o Employees work better, feel less stressed, and are more motivated in offices with
natural daylight, ventilation, as well as other environmental features. Nature
improves focus and memory.
o Natural environments promote healthy childhood development.
o The human brain reacts effectively to sensory rhythms and signals arising from the
natural world.
o Societies with higher environmental quality have higher natural values, better
quality of life, more neighborliness, and a better sense of place. 

Both doctors and psychologists study human well-being. Basic physical, emotional, and
spiritual demands influence happiness and well-being (Maslow, 1962). Environmental
psychologists study the symbiotic link between people and their surroundings, believing
that human responses are either experiential or physiological (Ojamaa, 2016). This
means that the human body has several interrelated systems that respond to
environmental cues and regular functioning. Positive or negative responses are possible.
Positive environmental factors enhance neuro-chemical release and absorption, which
improves human physical and mental health, according to Kopec (2006). Light, sound,
odor, wind, weather, water, plants, animals, and sceneries are helpful.

Concentration and mood are psychological reactions. This includes nature-related stress
management and healing. Natural surroundings reduce stress, anxiety, anger, weariness,
disorientation, and overall mood disruption better than urban environments

Nature connection lowers diastolic blood pressure, stress hormones, and muscular
tension (Park et al, 2009). Encountering an unfamiliar yet complicated and information-
rich area may temporarily elevate heart rate & stress levels of hormones, which may
help manage physiological wellness

https://urbannext.net/biophilic-design/
https://uca.edu/art/2021/03/30/ways-biophilic-design-promotes-human-health-and-well-bein
g/ 43
Conclusion/Inferences:
The scientific basis for biophilic design is still in its formative stages. It is possible to claim
that the study is actually merely validating the rediscovery of something that is
intuitively clear; however, there are many other ways this may be said. The "biophilia
hypothesis" expands on the idea that interaction with natural environments is one of
humanity's fundamental need, arguing that this requirement must no longer be
regarded as just a matter of cultural or personal choice but rather as a major
requirement on a worldwide scale.

In addition, there is a good chance that biophilia encourages the growth of the
individual, in addition to having several other positive physiological and psychological
effects. Because of this change in lifestyle, the significance of our designs that
(re)connect individuals to an experience of nature is becoming ever more crucial. Hence,
biophilic design is not a luxury; rather, it is a requirement for overall health and well-
being.

44
Unit 5:

CASE STUDIES

45
Shreyas retreat:
Basic info:
Location: Bangalore, Karnataka
Architects: the purple ink studio
Area: 1858 sq.m
Total site area: 75000sq.m
Project year: 2016
Designed as a “retreat within a retreat”, the 1858 sq.m is a well-known yoga retreat in
India that offers spectacular layers of spaces and experience

Concept:
The building's entire design was built on the notion of bringing man and environment
closer together. The use of organic materials as well as the incorporation of the site
provide the entire area a holistic experience by bringing the user closer to nature. all
through the building's two stories. The use of natural light in the architecture
contributes to the tranquil atmosphere by bathing the open walls and ceilings in a
stunning display of light and shadow. With the light & air circulation designed from a
number of sunken courts, the main block vanishes into the ground and is partially
submerged to link to the isolation quality of the earth.

46
Architectural response:
With the light and air circulation designed from a number of sunken courts, the main
block vanishes into the ground and is partially submerged to link towards the isolating
character of the earth. As one approaches the main area, a variety of programmatically
structured spaces gradually become available to accommodate the visitors' seamless
spatial changes.
The landscape combines the geometry of the network of neighboring trails to create
lounging areas for visitors. These buffer zones provide a lovely play of light as well as
smooth transitions from the external to semi-covered areas.

47
48
Spatial response:

49
Materiality:
The architecture maintains the building's overall naturalistic concept. The sense of
nature is brought indoors and a peaceful atmosphere is created by using earth tones,
natural materials, and nature-inspired designs.
The building's façade features a lot of brick jali, and the interior features natural woods
and stones to fit with the surrounding environment and provide comfort. The use of
exposed concrete so as to merge with the surroundings.

50
51
Unit 6:

PROGRAM
IDENTIFICATION:

52
WELLBEING WHEEL:
Wellbeing is a lifelong journey and continual process, not a singular event.
People  are encouraged to take action including all eight interconnected
dimensions of health through Health Promotion and Wellness in order to
develop daily routines that enhance quality of life. Also, it might promote
healthier ageing, better health management, and encourage healing from
disease, trauma, and addiction.

Based on the Health & Wellbeing Model from NIRSA: Leaders in Collegiate Recreation

53
 Dimensions of wellness:
Physical wellness
Keeping one's body in good shape. Exercise,
movement, food, and sleep are all important.
 Exercise regularly
 Get good rest and sleep
 Keep well hydrated
 Portion control on meals

Emotional wellness
The capacity to comprehend oneself and express
one's emotions constructively.
 Stay positive
 Spend quality time
 Time management
 Stress management

Intellectual wellness
Think outside the box, question all you know, and go
on an adventure to learn as much as you can.
 Satisfaction leads to lethargy, but pushing your
mind leads to wisdom.
 Knowledge helps you make better decisions

Occupational wellness
Contentment and joy in profession. Creating balance
between personal and professional obligations.
 Your values, hobbies, and beliefs should
inform your career choices.
 Structured and functional participation
leads to fulfillment.

54
 Social wellness
Have good relations with people. Feel connected
with others. Enhance knowledge on equity, diversity,
& inclusion.
 Connect with those who can help you grow.
 Maintain helpful relationships.
 Know your needs

Spiritual wellness
Discover life's purpose and meaning, identify our
values, and conform actions to our morals.
 Let actions match the values.
 Become more tolerant and patient.
 Feel like your true self.
 Perform well regardless of results.

Financial wellness
Budgeting and saving for the future. Using resource
management and budgeting techniques.
 Maintain the demands within our means.
 Be flexible enough to adjust.
 Constantly seek genuine wealth
 Be responsible for your money.

Environmental wellness
Living in a way that is kind to nature. Realizing that
you can shape the world around you.
 Improve Air Quality
 Get More Nature in Your Life
 Use Eco-friendly and Recycled Materials
 Create a Stress-Free Zone

55
Spaces required:

1. Administrative spaces

2. Consultation areas

3. Physical exercise studio

4. Meditation and yoga space

5. Closed therapy rooms

6. Semi-open therapy area

7. Outdoor spaces

8. Swimming pool

9. Amphitheater

10. Restaurant

11. Recreational activity space

12. Gardens

13. Auditorium

14. Accomodations

Physical
Emotional
Intellectual
Social
Spiritual
Environmental
56
57
Spaces required:
 Administrative spaces
a. Reception and waiting
b. Restroom
c. Luggage area
d. Categorical offices
e. Housekeeping and satiation
 Consultation areas
a. Doctors room
b. Therapy help offices
c. Consultation rooms
 Physical exercise studio
a. Gym
b. Exercise studios ( for various activities)
c. Indoor game courts
d. Dance studio
e. Coach rooms
f. Rest rooms
g. Changing and locker rooms
 Meditation and yoga space
a. Meditation hall
b. Yoga studio
c. Outdoor spaces for meditation and yoga
d. Isolation pockets (for individual meditation and yoga)
 Swimming pool
a. swimming pool
b. Slat pools
c. Changing rooms
d. Steam and sauna
e. Quite room
f. Filtration chamber
 Recreational activity space
a. Music therapy
b. Art therapy
c. Aroma therapy
d. Library
58
 Closed therapy rooms
a. Hydro therapy
b. Massage room
c. Physiotherapy rooms
d. Hip baths
e. Deep tissue therapy rooms
f. Hot stone therapy
g. Body cleansing rooms
h. Ayurveda treatment areas
i. Dispensary
 Semi-open therapy area
a. Mud therapy
b. Physiotherapy
c. Ayurveda treatment areas(
d. Changing rooms
e. Dispensary
 Outdoor spaces
a. Reflexology/acupressure tracks
b. Walking tracks
c. Cycling tracks
 Food and beverage outlets
a. Restaurant
b. kitchen
c. Café
d. pantry
e. Juice bar
 Amphitheater
 Gardens /landscape
 Auditorium
 Accomodations
a. Single sharing suits
b. Double sharing suits
c. Triple sharing suits
d. Family suits
e. Doctors accommodation
f. Laundry
59
Unit 6:

SITE SELECTION:

60
SITE SELECTION:
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the Policy is to develop such International standard Wellness
Centre/Resorts through private investment which shall be based on
Naturopathy/ Ayurveda/ Yoga/ Traditional Treatment Therapy to provide
treatment in totality and to create job opportunity through medical tourism
in the State.

DEFINANTION:
The intent of such Wellness Centre/Resorts means a tourism project as
defined in the tourism policy issued by the Government is as under:-
A Wellness resort aim to revive energy, provide a platform for personal
introspection, promote positive health, treat lifestyle diseases by providing
different services such as Ayurveda, Naturopathy, spa, yoga, meditation, skin
care treatment etc. Example of eligible Spiritual/Wellness centers – Ananda
Spa, Jindal farms etc.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS:
1. Auditorium/well-covered open area with seating capacity of minimum
100 people.
2. Medicinal facilities with at least 8 well-trained staff.
3. Well-trained yoga, Naturopathy, Ayurveda teachers with relevant
recognized certifications.

https://tourism.mp.gov.in/Uploaded%20Document/PoliciesandNotifications/150620210259
59Final%20Policy%20for%20establishment%20of%20%20wellness%20centre%2013%20Feb 61
%202021_compressed.pdf
SITE SELECTION:
Minimum 10 rooms, of quality equivalent to star/deluxe or above categories
of hotels with minimum following requirements:-
I. The facade, architectural features and general construction of the
building shall have the distinctive qualities of a luxury hotel.
II. All single and double rooms shall have a floor area of not less than
twenty-three 23 square meters, inclusive of bathrooms.
III. All rooms must have bathrooms which shall be equipped with
fittings of the highest quality befitting a luxury hotel with 24-hour
service of hot and cold running water.
IV. There shall be a well-appointed lounge with seating facilities, a left-
luggage room and safety deposit boxes or lockers in the rooms.
V. There shall be a coffee shop and at least one specialty dining room
which are well-equipped, well-furnished and well-maintained,
serving high quality cuisine and providing entertainment.
VI. The kitchen, pantry and cold storage shall be professionally
designed to ensure efficiency of operation and shall be well-
equipped, well-maintained, clean and hygienic.
VII. There shall be a well-designed and properly equipped swimming
pool, at least one recreational, sports facility and live
entertainment facility in the establishment.
VIII. Adequate parking facilities.

https://tourism.mp.gov.in/Uploaded%20Document/PoliciesandNotifications/150620210259
59Final%20Policy%20for%20establishment%20of%20%20wellness%20centre%2013%20Feb 62
%202021_compressed.pdf
SITE 1:
VILLAGE: Khapa, Betul
PROPOSED ACTIVITY: resort/ wellness centre/ Camping Sites and Fixed
Tenting Units

https://tourism.mp.gov.in/Uploaded%20Document/Tenders/071220191213507RFP_Khapa.pdf 63
64
SITE 2:
VILLAGE: Mundladostdar, Bhicholihapsi
PROPOSED ACTIVITY: Wellness Resort

https://tourism.mp.gov.in/Uploaded%20Document/Tenders/2109202011395829_RFP_for_M
undladostdar_Indore.pdf 65
66
SITE 3:
VILLAGE: Lawakhedi, Sehore
PROPOSED ACTIVITY: Wellness Resort

https://tourism.mp.gov.in/Uploaded%20Document/Tenders/2209202112041220_RFP_for_La
wakhedi_sehore_10_hect.pdf 67
68