Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition

Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and Measurement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jb4CMnT2-ao Matter
And
Measurement
 What is Chemistry?

The study of properties

of material and the
changes that material
undergoes.

Matter
Property is any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular And
type of matter and to distinguish it from other types Measurement
 What is Matter?

Anything that has

mass and takes up
space.

Matter
And
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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

Matter
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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.

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 Matter

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
elements. Matter
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States of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

Matter
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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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 Classification of Matter

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance

retains its own chemical identity.

Heterogeneous mixtures do not have the same composition, properties and

appearance throughout, e.g. Rocks and wood.

Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) are uniform throughout (e.g. Air, salt in water).
Matter
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Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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 Classification of Matter

A pure substance is matter that has distinct properties and Matter

composition that does not vary from sample to sample. And
Measurement
Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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 Classification of Matter

All pure substances are either elements or compounds.

- Elements cannot be decompose into simpler substance (elements Matter
And
are composed of only one kind of atom). Measurement
- Compounds are composed of two or more elements (or atoms).
Mixtures and Compounds

Matter
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Example: classify each of the following as a
pure substance or a mixture; it a mixture,
indicate whether it is homogeneous or
heterogeneous:

• (a) Rice pudding

• (b) seawater
• (c) magnesium
• (d) Gasoline
• (e) air
• (f) tomato juice
• (g) Iodine crystals Matter

• (h) Sand And

Measurement
 Example: classify each of the following as a
pure substance or a mixture; it a mixture,
indicate whether it is homogeneous or
heterogeneous:

• (a) Rice pudding - - - - - - heterogeneous mixture

• (b) seawater - - - - - - homogeneous mixture
• (c) magnesium - - - - - - pure substance- an element
• (d) Gasoline - - - - - - homogeneous mixture
• (e) air - - - - - - homogeneous mixture
• (f) tomato juice - - - - - - heterogeneous mixture
• (g) Iodine crystals - - - - - - pure substance- an element
• (h) Sand - - - - - - heterogeneous mixture

Matter
And
Measurement
Properties and
Changes of
Matter
Matter
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 Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties:
□ Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.
• Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties:
□ Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
• Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
acid, etc. Matter
And
Measurement
Flammability of fabric and clothing

Matter
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corrosiveness

reactivity with acid, etc.

Matter
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 Properties of Matter

• Intensive Properties:
□ Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties:
□ Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.
Matter
And
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 Changes of Matter

• Physical Changes:
□ Changes in matter that do not change the
composition of a substance.
• Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes:
□ Changes that result in new substances.
• Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

Matter
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 Chemical Reactions

In the course of a chemical reaction, the

reacting substances are converted to new
Matter
substances. And
Measurement
Chemical Reactions

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 elements

• 114 elements are known among them 91 naturally

occurring
• Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
• Vary widely in their abundance
• The symbol consists of one or two letters with the first
letter capitalized.
• Carbon: C, Fluorine: F, Hydrogen: H, Oxygen: O
• Copper: Cu (Cuprum) Iron: Fe (Ferrum)
Potassium: K (Kalium)

Matter
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 Some common elements and
their symbols
Carbon Aluminum Copper

Fluorine Bromine Iron

Hydrogen Calcium Lead

Iodine Chlorine Mercury

Nitrogen Helium Potassium

Oxygen Lithium Silver

Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium

Sulfur Silicon Tin Sn

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 Some Common Elements and Their Symbols

The names and chemical symbols of some of the more common

elements are listed in the table. The symbol of an element consists of
one or two letters, with the first letter capitalized. Some of the symbols
are derived from non-English names, which are also given in the table.
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 Compounds
Compounds can be broken down into more
elemental particles.
State: Gas,
Bp: -183 oC
Desity: 1.33 g/L
Flammable: No

State: Liquid
Bp: 100 oC
Desity: 1.0 g/mL
Flammable: No

State: Gas,
Bp: -253 oC
Desity: 0.084 g/L
Flammable: Yes
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Electrolysis of Water

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Separation of
Mixtures
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Distillation:

Separates
homogeneous
mixture on the basis
of differences in
boiling point.

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Distillation

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 Filtration:

Separates solid
substances from
liquids and solutions.

Matter
aqua regia And
Iron and gold particles Measurement
 Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of their
differing ability to adhere the surface of
various solids such as paper or starch.

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 Units of
Measurement
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 SI Units

• Système International d’Unités

• Uses a different base unit for each quantity
Note: students often confuse the terms mass and weight; they are not
the same. Mass is the measure of the amount of material present in a Matter
And
sample while weight is a measure of the attraction between a sampleMeasurement
and gravitational field.
 Metric System

Prefixes convert the base units into units that

are appropriate for the item being measured.

Matter
For example:109 ng =106 g = 103 mg = 1 g = 10-3 kg And
Measurement
 Volume

• The most commonly

used metric units for
volume are the liter (L)
and the milliliter (mL).
□ A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.
□ A milliliter is a cube 1 cm
long on each side.

Matter
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Measurement
 examples
• Example 1:
What is the name given to the unit that equals a) 10 -9 gram, b)
10-6 seconds, c) 10-3 meter.

a) Example
10-9 g = 1
2 ng, b) 10 seconds = 1 µs, c) 10 meter = mm.
-6 -3

What decimal fraction of a second is picosecond?

1 ps= 10-12 s
Express the measurement 6.0 x 103 m using prefix to replace
the power to ten.
6.0 x 103 m = 6.0 km
Use exponential notation to express 3.76 mg in grams
3.76 mg = 3.76 x 10-3 grams
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 Temperature:
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a
sample.

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Temperature
• In scientific
measurements, the
Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often
used.
• The Celsius scale is
based on the
properties of water.
□ 0C is the freezing point
of water.
□ 100C is the boiling
point of water. Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature

• The Kelvin is the SI

unit of temperature.
• It is based on the
properties of gases.
• There are no
negative Kelvin
temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15
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Temperature

• The Fahrenheit
scale is not used in
scientific
measurements.
 F = 9/5(C) + 32
 C = 5/9(F − 32)

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 Examples
• Example 1:
If the weather forecaster predicts that the temperature
for the day will reach 31 oC, what is the predicted
temperature (a) in K, (b) in oF.

• Example 2:
Ethylene glycol, the major ingredient in antifreeze,
freezes at -11.5 oC. What is the freezing point in (a)
K, (b) oF?
Matter
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Measurement
 Density:

Physical property of a substance

m
d=
V
m: mass in grams
V: Volume in mL
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 Examples
(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00x102
g occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3.
Density =m/v = 100g/7.36 cm3 = 13.59 g/cm3

(b) Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of the liquid

methanol (wood alcohol) if its density is
0.791 g/ml.
D= m/v , v = m/d, = 65 g / 0.791 g/mL= 82.17 mL

(c) What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold

(density =19.32 g/cm3) if the length of the
cube is 2 cm. Matter
Volume of cube = 2cm x 2 cm x 2 cm = 8 cm3 And
Measurement
D = m/v, mass = Dx v= 19.32 g/cm3 x 8 cm3 = 154.56 g
Uncertainty in
Measurement
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 Precision and
Accuracy
• Precision is a measure of
how closely individual
measurements agree with
one another.

• Accuracy refers to how

closely individual
measurements agree with
the correct or “true” value Matter
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Measurement
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different
uses and different degrees of accuracy.

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 Scales to measure masses

• 5000 g vegetable and fruits

• 1000.00 g spices

• 100.0000 g (gold store)

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 Uncertainty in measurement

• There are two kinds of numbers in scientific work:

1- exact numbers ( those whose values are known
exactly) e.g.
12 eggs in a dozen / exactly 1000g in 1 kg
exactly 2.54cm in an inch / 1 kg =2.2046 lb
counting number of object  exact numbers.

2- inexact numbers (those whose values have some

uncertainty)
- Number obtained in measurement are always inexact
due to random and instrumental errors.
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 Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to all digits of a
measured quantity including the uncertain one.

• Measured quantities are generally reported in such a

way that only the last digit is uncertain.
(e.g. mass of a one dirham is 5.6899 ± 0.0001 g)

• The greater the number of significant figures the greater

is the certainty implied for the measurement.

• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to

significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy
of our answers. Matter
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Measurement
 Significant Figures
Zeros can be used as part of the measured value or merely to locate the
decimal point. Thus zeros may or may not be significant depending
on how they appear in the number.
The following are guidelines describe the different situations involving
zeros:
• All nonzero digits are significant (e.g. 1254, 12.453)
1. Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant
(e.g. 1.03, 1005)
2. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant –
indicating the position of the decimal point (e.g. 0.02, 0.0026,
0.0000000876).
3. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is
written in the number (e.g. 0.0200, 3.0).
4. number ends with a zero but no decimal point. In such cases, it
is normally that the zeros are not significant. e.g. 5000
Exponential notation can be used to clearly indicate whether
zeros are significant or not. (e.g. 10300g , it could be written as
1.03 x 104 g or 1.030 x 104 g or 1.0300 x 104 g (note that Matter
exponential is not significant). And
Measurement
 exercise

• How many significant figures are in each of

the following numbers:
a- 4.003 ml
b- 6.032 x 1023 atom
c- 5000 Kg
d- 2.3 x 104 cm
e- 0.00134 m3
F- 3.549 g
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 Significant Figures

• When addition or subtraction is

performed, answers are rounded to the
least significant decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is
performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the
least number of significant figures in
any of the numbers used in the
calculation. Matter
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Measurement
 Significant Figures in Multiplication and Division
The number of significant figures in the result is the same as that in the
quantity with the smallest number of significant figures.

EXAMPLE:
5.6 x 103 km
Calculate to the correct number of
8.50 h significant figures.
SOLUTION:

5.6 x 103 km significant figure = 2

8.50 h significant figure = 3

= 658.8235294 km/h
Round off the result to 2 significant figures.

= 6.6 x 102 km/h

Matter
= 660 km/h And
Measurement
 Significant Figures in Addition and Subtraction
The number of decimal places in the result is the same as that in the quantity
with the smallest number of decimal places.

EXAMPLE:

Calculate 10.21 g + 0.2 g + 256 g

SOLUTION:

10.21 g + 0.2 g + 256 g = 266.41 g

decimal places 2
decimal places 1
decimal places 0

Round off the result to 0 decimal places.

= 266 g Matter
And
Measurement
 examples

1- What is the area of a rectangle whose measured

edges length are 6.221 cm and 5.2 cm?

Area = (6.221 cm) (5.2 cm) = 32.3492 cm2  round off

to 32 cm2

This number limits the number of

2- what is the addition product of significant figures in the result

20.42 + 1.322 + 83.1

The answer is 104.842  round off to 104.8
Matter
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 Exercise
Q1- The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm
and 5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume of the box, using the
correct number of significant figures in your answer?
15.5 cm x 27.3 cm x 5.4 cm = 2.3 x 103 cm3 2285.01 cm3
3 sf 3 sf 2 sf
Q2- It takes 10.5 s for a sprinter (runner) to run 100.00 m. Calculate
the average speed of the sprinter in meters per second, and
express the result to the correct number of significant figures.
Speed = 100.00 m / 10.5 s = 9.52 m/s
5 osf 3 sf 3 sf
Q3- A gas at 25 C fills a container whose volume is 1.05 x 103 cm3.
The container plus gas have a mass of 837.6 g. The container,
when emptied of all gas, has a mass of 836.2 g. What is the density
of the gas at 25oC?
D= mass /volume = (837.6 - 836.2 )/ 1.05 L= 1.4 g/ 1.05 L= 1.3 g/L
Q4 carry out the following operation Matter
And
863 x [1255 – (3.45 x 108)] = Measurement
863 x [1255 – (3.45 x 108)] =
[1255 - 373]
863 x 882= 7.61 x 105

Matter
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 Exact Numbers
Exact numbers do not limit the significant figures.
Numbers in conversion factors are exact numbers.

EXAMPLE:

t°F = 1.8 t°C + 32°

exact numbers

30.1 C , how much is that in F?

T(F) = (1.8 x 30.1) + 32 =86.2 F Matter

And
Measurement
 Conversion of Units (dimensional analysis)
EXAMPLE:1
Convert a volume of 536 cm3 to liters.

1L = 1000 cm3
This relation gives two conversion factors. A conversion factor is a fraction
whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity in different units

1L
convert cm3 to L
1000 cm3

1000 cm3
convert L to cm3
1L

Choose the conversion factor that cancels out the initial unit.

cm3 536 x = L 0.536

Matter
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Measurement
EXAMPLE 2

Convert 0.100 m3 to cubic inches (in3)

1 m = 39.37 in == 1 m3 = (39.37)3 in3

Desired unit

0.100 m3 x 6.012 x 104 in3 = 6.012 x 103 in3

1 m3
Given unit

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Measurement
EXAMPLE:3
Convert 36.2 mi/gal to km/L
SOLUTION:
mi km 1.609 gal 1 qt 1.057
36.2 x x x = km/L 15.4
gal mi 1 qt 4 L1

Conversion Between English and Metric Units

Matter
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Measurement
 EXAMPLE: 4

What is the mass in grams of 2 cubic inches (2.00 in. 3)

of gold, which has a density of 19.3 g/cm3.
The density gives us the following conversion
factors:

19.3g and 1cm 3

1cm 3 19.3g
Conversion between cm3 and
in.3 gives
(2.54cm )3 (2.54)3 cm 3 16.39cm 3
3
 3 3

(1in .) (1) (in .) 1in .3
Applying our conversion factors, we can solve the problem

3  16.39cm 3
 19.3g 
Mass ( g )  (2.00in . )  3  3 
 633g
 1in .  1cm  Matter
And
Measurement
What is the mass in grams of 2 cubic inches (2.00 in. 3)
of EXAMPLE: 4 has a density of 19.3 g/cm3.
gold, which
The density gives us the following conversion
factors:

19.3g and 1cm 3

1cm 3 19.3g

To convert volume from in3 to cm3.

1 in = 2.54 cm
1 in x 1 in x 1 in = 2.54 cm x 2.54 cm x 2.54 cm
1 in3 = 16.39 cm3
In3 ? = ? cm3

Matter
Density = m/v  mass = Density x Volume And
(19.3 g/cm ) x (32.78 cm )= 632.654
3 3
= 633
Measurement