Radio Resource Administration

CHAPTER 1

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Module Objectives
• Describe the purpose of the Base Station Identity Code and the Training Sequence
Code
• Explain the use of FDMA and frequency reuse
• Discuss the parameter settings required for base band and RF frequency hopping
• Give an overview about the TDMA frame structure
• Describe the logical channels, their mapping to TDMA frames and their parameters
• Demonstrate, how the signalling capacity effect the mapping of the logical channels
• Give an overview about the use of extended cells

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Base Station Identity Code

Base Station Identity Code BSIC = Network Colour Code NCC + Base Station Colour Code BCC

bsIdentityCode Setting of BSIC

NCC 0..7, distinguishes between PLMNs

BCC 0..7, distinguishes between clusters

BSIC + frequency channel -> unique identity of adjacent cell

bcc = 1
f1 bcc = 2
f2
f1
f3
f1
bcc = 3

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Training Sequence Code

Training Sequence Code TSC

tsc 0..7 Setting of TSC

Used to determine signal distortion and bit error rate

57 bits 26 bits 57 bits

training
3 encrypted bits 1 1 encrypted bits 3 Burst on TCH
sequence

tail bits stealing flag stealing flag tail bits

received burst
data* training sequence* data*

correlation difference data* ± difference = data

expected burst
? training sequence ?
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource
Administration
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Example: GSM 900
Absolute radio frequency carrier number ARFCN

890 915 935 960

1 2 3 4 123 124 1 2 3 4 123 124

duplex distance

200 kHz

uplink direction downlink direction

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Frequency Reuse

Frequency to be used by TRX

initialFrequency Setting of ARFCNs

f2
f2 f1 f4
f1 f4 f3
f3 f5 f7
f5 f7 f6
f6 f2
f1 f4
f3
f5 f7
f6

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Frequency Information for MS

Idle mode -> MS listens on BCCH

idleStateBCCHAllocation 0..255 0 = MS gets frequency information from

initialFrequency lists of adjacent cells
1..255 = MS gets frequency information from
double BCCH allocation list
bCCHAllocationList Indicates ARFCN values given by double BCCH
allocation list

Dedicated mode -> MS listens on SACCH

measurementBCCHAllocation ADJ,IDLE ADJ = MS gets frequency information from

initialFrequency lists of adjacent cells
IDLE = MS uses same double BCCH allocation
list as in idle mode

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Principle of Frequency Hopping

Frequency hopping techniques

btsIsHopping BB,RF,N
BB = base band hopping
RF = RF hopping
N = no frequency hopping at all

Frequency
Call is transmitted through several frequencies to
• average the interference (interference diversity)
• minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

F1

F2

F3

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

Time
 Radio
Resource
Administration
Base Band Hopping

TRXs do not hop

Physical channels moved from one TRX to another

Hopping sequence
hoppingSequenceNumber 0..63
0 = cyclic hopping
1..63 = pseudorandom hopping

Baseband Hopping

0 1 2 7 Timeslot
TRX 1 BC f1 HSN1
CH Timeslot 0 hops over TRXs 2-4 only
TRX 2 f2
BCCH does not hop
TRX 3 f3

TRX 4 f4 HSN2
Timeslots 1-7 hop over all TRXs

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource RF Hopping
Administration
(Standard Technique)
TRXs do hop except TRX1 (provides BCCH)
Up to 63 frequencies available defined by mobile allocation list -> better hopping gain

mobileAllocationList Setting of ARFCN values

usedMobileAllocation 0..255 0 = BTS detached from any list
1..255 = indicates list which shall be used

0 1 2 7 Timeslot
TRX 1 BC
f1 – no hopping
CH
TRX 2
f2,f3..fn – hopping according
TRX 3 mobile allocation list
One hopping sequence
TRX 4 number only

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource RF Hopping
Administration
(Freeform Hopping)
Standard technique
MAIO MAI
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8 TRX-1 BCCH -
But 3 frequencies available for every TRX only
Sector 1 0 TRX-2 TCH 0
Freeform hopping
TRX-3 TCH 1
For every sector same TRX-4 TCH 2
mobile allocation list
hopping sequence number TRX-5 BCCH -
frame number (frame synchronization)
Sector 2 3 TRX-6 TCH 3
For every sector different TRX-7 TCH 4
starting points for hopping sequence
possible by mobile allocation index offset TRX-8 TCH 5

maioOffset 0..62 TRX-9 BCCH -

setting of MAIO Sector 3 6 TRX-10 TCH 6
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8 TRX-11 TCH 7
9 frequencies available for every TRX
TRX-12 TCH 8

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource RF Hopping
Administration
(Flexible MAIO Management)
Freeform hopping MAIO

TRX-1 BCCH
Not adequate for MA list with consecutive ARFCN values
Avoids co-channel interference Sector 1 0 TRX-2 TCH
But not adjacent channel interference
2 TRX-3 TCH
Flexible MAIO management 4 TRX-4 TCH

MAIO increases with constant step size from one TRX to the TRX-5 BCCH
next one
Sector 2 6 TRX-6 TCH
maioStep 0..62 8 TRX-7 TCH

maioOffset = 0, 6, 12 for sector 1, 2, 3 10 TRX-8 TCH

maioStep = 2
18 frequencies required (2 * number of hopping TRXs) TRX-9 BCCH
Sector 3 12 TRX-10 TCH
14 TRX-11 TCH
16 TRX-12 TCH

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource RF Hopping
Administration
(Tight Frequency Reuse)

Freeform hopping Flexible MAIO management

MAIO Offset MAIO Offset + MAIO Step
Band allocation: Band allocation:

BCCH BCCH

MA list MA list
Discrete ARFCN Consecutive ARFCN

MA list and BCCH frequency planning required Only BCCH frequency planning required

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Frequency Plan Changing

BSIC / TSC
Frequencies
Frequency hopping setting
Intelligent underlay overlay TRX settings

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Basic TDMA Structure
5
4

e
3

tim
2
physical channel 1
e.g. allocated to one 0
subscriber with FR voice 7
and no frequency hopping 6
5
4 TDMA frame
3 = 8 timeslots
2 = 4.615 ms
1
0
7
6
5
4
2 2 2
3 TDMA frame
2
1
0
frequency
200 kHz
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource
Administration
Multi, Super and Hyper Frame

TDMA frame
numbering
2048 super frames = hyper frame

0 2047

0 1 2 Super frame = 26 x 51 multi frames 48 49 50

0 1 or 51 x 26 multi frames 24 25

0 1 2 24 25 0 1 22 49 50
50
26 multi frame = 120 ms 51 multi frame = 235 ms

0 7
TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource
Administration
GSM Channel Organisation

Logical Channels
for transport of specific content

mapping

MS Physical Channels
transport medium Base Station
Subsystem
Physical channel parameters
ARFCN
Time slot number
Frequency hopping algorithm

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Logical Channels
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel

DL SCH Synchronisation Channel

BCH
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

CBCH Cell Broadcast Channel

Common
Channels
DL
PCH Paging Channel
UL
RACH Random Access Channel
CCCH DL
AGCH Access Grant Channel
DL
NCH Notification Channel

SDCCH Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel

DCCH SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel

UL/DL
Dedicated FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel
Channels
UL/DL ...
TCH
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource
Administration
Traffic Channels

TCH/FR TCH for Full Rate speech

TCH/EFR TCH for Enhanced Full Rate speech

TCH/HR TCH for Half rate Speech

TCH/F9.6 TCH for full rate data transmission with 9.6 kbit/s

TCH TCH/F4.8 TCH for full rate data transmission with 4.8 kbit/s

TCH/H4.8 TCH for half rate data transmission with 4.8 kbit/s

TCH/F2.4 TCH for full rate data transmission with  2.4 kbit/s

TCH/H.2.4 TCH for half rate data transmission with  2.4 kbit/s
...

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Traffic Channel Mapping

Full Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)

26 TDMA frames = 120 ms

t t t t t t t t t t t t sf t t t t t t t t t tf t t i

1 t = full rate TCH, s = SACCH/T, i = idle TDMA frame

26

Half Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)

26 TDMA frames = 120 ms

t t t t t t s t t t t t t
f f
T T T T T T T T T T T T S
...

1 t = half rate TCH, s = SACCH/T (first user)

26
T = half rate TCH, S = SACCH/T (second user) TDMA frame
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource Signalling Channel Mapping
Administration
(BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/C4)
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51

f s f sf f s f s f s -

BCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH

SDCCH 0 SDCCH 2 SACCH
SDCCH 1 SDCCH 3 0/2 SACCH
1/3
Uplink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51

rr f r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r f rr

SACCH SDCCH 0 SDCCH 2

SDCCH 3 2/0 SACCH SDCCH 1
3/1
f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame
- = dummy burst
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource Signalling Channel Mapping
Administration
(BCCH +CCCH/9)
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51

f s f sf f s f s f s -

BCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH

Uplink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51

r r r r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r

f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame

- = dummy burst

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource Signalling Channel Mapping
Administration
(SDCCH/8 +SACCH/C4)
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51

f i i i

SDCCH 0 SDCCH 2 SDCCH 4 SDCCH 6 SACCH SACCH

SDCCH 1 SDCCH 3 SDCCH 5 SDCCH 7 0/4 SACCH 2/6 SACCH
1/5 3/7
Uplink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51

f fi i i

SACCH SDCCH 0 SDCCH 2 SDCCH 4 SDCCH 6 SACCH

SACCH 6/2 SACCH SDCCH 1 SDCCH 3 SDCCH 5 SDCCH 7 4/0
5/1 7/3
i = idle TDMA frame
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource Channel Mapping
Administration
(Parameter Setting)
Channel configuration defined by parameter channelType

TCHF = full rate traffic channel

TCHH = half rate traffic channel
TCHD = dual rate traffic channel
ERACH = random access channel of extended area
NOTUSED = timeslot has no radio definition or Abis allocation
SDCCH = SDCCH/8 +SACCH/C4
MBCCH = broadcast control channel
MBCCHC = BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/C4
MBCCB = BCCH + SDCCH/4 with CBCH
SDCCB = SDCCH with CBCH
MPBCCH = PBCCH + PCCCH + PTCCH packet control channels

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Dynamic SDCCH Allocation

Static SDCCHs overbooked

-> Free TCHs used for SDCCH traffic

Rules for dynamic SDCCH allocation:

• SDCCH is configured to TRX with least number of SDCCHs or no SDCCHs yet at all
• SDCCH is configured to TRX with least number of occupied channels
• If between different types of TCHs must be selected, the preference order is: HR, FR, DR TCH
• Intelligent underlay overlay network: dynamic SDCCHs supported by regular TRXs only

Dynamic SDCCH allocation + FACCH call set up enabled simultaneously

-> dynamic SDCCH allocation has higher priority

Exceptions:

• Configuration of any dynamic SDCCH resource in the BTS not possible

• Only one TCH of the BTS is available

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
FACCH Call Set Up

Alternative to dynamic SDCCH allocation

• MS directly assigned a TCH from CCCH instead of SDCCH

• Call set up on FACCH instead on SDCCH

Parameters

newEstabCausesSupport Y/N Enables feature is general

ordinaryCallOnFacch Y/N Enables ordinary call set up on FACCH
emerCallOnFacch Y/N Enables emergency call set up on FACCH
reestablishOnFacch Y/N Enables call reestablishment on FACCH

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
PCH Parameters

Mobile terminating call -> MSC performs paging

MS identifies paging message with the IMSI/TMSI

MS listens to own paging group only

BSC parameters

noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging 2..9 multi frames Defines how often MS listens to

paging

MSC parameters

Repaging Interval 50..100 ms Time between consecutive paging

attempts
Repaging Attempts 0..5 Number of paging repetitions

Buffering

BTS stores up to 8 paging messages of the MSC in page group buffer

BTS sends paging messages to MS according noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
RACH Parameters
Mobile sends channel requests to BTS separated by random time intervals in case of no answer!

Parameters

maxNumberRetransmission 1,2,4,7 Defines maximum allowed

number of retransmissions
numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans 3..12,14,16,20,25,32,50 Defines time interval between
consecutive retransmissions

Random time interval between consecutive retransmissions

t = S + random [0,.. numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans – 1] RACH slots

S depends on numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans
signalling channel mapping (CCCH + SDCCH combined or not in one multi frame)

numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans = 10
signalling channel mapping = not combined -
>S = 58 ->
t = 58..67
time channel requests
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
 Radio
Resource
Administration
AGCH Parameters

Network gives the MS dedicated resources

Downlink CCCH blocks

PCH can be used for AGCH messages

AGCH cannot be used for PCH messages

Reservation of CCCH blocks for AGCH

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant 0..7 possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are not combined
1..7 possible number, if CBCH is used in non combined
configuration
0..2 possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are combined

Preference of AGCH messages on PCH

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant 0 PCH can be used only, if no paging messages have to be

send
=0 AGCH messages have higher priority than PCH ones

Number of paging groups

N = (number of CCCH blocks – noOfBlocksForAccessGrant) * noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Erlang B Table

Chs 1% 2% 3% 5 % Chs 1% 2% 3% 5%
1 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .0 3 0 .0 5 21 1 2 .8 0 1 4 .0 0 1 4 .9 0 1 6 .2 0
2 0 .1 5 0 .2 2 0 .2 8 0 .3 8 22 1 3 .7 0 1 4 .9 0 1 5 .8 0 1 7 .1 0
3 0 .4 6 0 .6 0 0 .7 2 0 .9 0 23 1 4 .5 0 1 5 .8 0 1 6 .7 0 1 8 .1 0
4 0 .8 7 1 .0 9 1 .2 6 1 .5 2 24 1 5 .3 0 1 6 .6 0 1 7 .6 0 1 9 .0 0
5 1 .3 6 1 .6 6 1 .8 8 2 .2 2 25 1 6 .1 0 1 7 .5 0 1 8 .5 0 2 0 .0 0
6 1 .9 1 2 .2 8 2 .5 4 2 .9 6 26 1 7 .0 0 1 8 .4 0 1 9 .4 0 2 0 .9 0
7 2 .5 0 2 .9 4 3 .2 5 3 .7 5 27 1 7 .8 0 1 9 .3 0 2 0 .3 0 2 1 .9 0
8 3 .1 3 3 .6 3 3 .9 9 4 .5 4 28 1 8 .6 0 2 0 .2 0 2 1 .2 0 2 2 .9 0
9 3 .7 8 4 .3 4 4 .7 5 5 .3 7 29 1 9 .5 0 2 1 .0 0 2 2 .1 0 2 3 .8 0
10 4 .4 6 5 .0 8 5 .5 3 6 .2 2 30 2 0 .3 0 2 1 .9 0 2 3 .1 0 2 4 .8 0
11 5 .1 6 5 .8 4 6 .3 3 7 .0 8 31 2 1 .2 0 2 2 .8 0 2 4 .0 0 2 5 .8 0
12 5 .8 8 6 .6 1 7 .1 4 7 .9 5 32 2 2 .0 0 2 3 .7 0 2 4 .9 0 2 6 .7 0
13 6 .6 1 7 .4 0 7 .9 7 8 .8 3 33 2 2 .9 0 2 4 .6 0 2 5 .8 0 2 7 .7 0
14 7 .3 5 8 .2 0 8 .8 0 9 .7 3 34 2 3 .8 0 2 5 .5 0 2 6 .8 0 2 8 .7 0
15 8 .1 1 9 .0 1 9 .6 5 1 0 .6 0 35 2 4 .6 0 2 6 .4 0 2 7 .7 0 2 9 .7 0
16 8 .8 8 9 .8 3 1 0 .5 0 1 1 .5 0 36 2 5 .5 0 2 7 .3 0 2 8 .6 0 3 0 .7 0
17 9 .6 5 1 0 .7 0 1 1 .4 0 1 2 .5 0 37 2 6 .4 0 2 8 .3 0 2 9 .6 0 3 1 .6 0
18 1 0 .4 0 1 1 .5 0 1 2 .2 0 1 3 .4 0 38 2 7 .3 0 2 9 .2 0 3 0 .5 0 3 2 .6 0
19 1 1 .2 0 1 2 .3 0 1 3 .1 0 1 4 .3 0 39 2 8 .1 0 3 0 .1 0 3 1 .5 0 3 3 .6 0
20 1 2 .0 0 1 3 .2 0 1 4 .0 0 1 5 .2 0 40 2 9 .0 0 3 1 .0 0 3 2 .4 0 3 4 .6 0

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Paging Example

Combined CCCH / SDCCH configuration BTS 3 MS

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant = 1 -> 2 CCCH blocks for PCH

Paging_Request

3 MSs paged per paging message -> 3 pages per block

BTS 3 MS
2 blocks per multi frame -> 3 * 2 = 6 pages per multi frame

Paging_Request
Number of pages per hour -> 3600 s / 0.235 s * 6 = 91915

2 pages required per MS -> 91915 / 2 = 45957 MSs per hour

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource Call Establishment &
Administration
Location Update Example
Cell with 325 subscribers
1 call per subscriber once in a hour
1 location update (LU) per subscriber once in 2 hours

Duration of call assignment = 7 s -> 7 s / 3600 s = 1.94 mErl on SDCCH per subscriber
325 subscribers -> 325 * 1.94 mErl = 0.6305 Erl on SDCCH

Reservation time for LU = 7s -> 7 s / 7200 s = 0.97 mErl on SDCCH per subscriber
325 subscribers -> 0.3153 Erl on SDCCH

Total SDCCH traffic -> 0.6305 Erl + 0.3153 Erl = 0.9458 Erl
Blocking probability = 1% -> 5 SDCCHs required -> not combined with CCCH

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Example Including SMS

Same cell with 325 subscribers

Additional SMS traffic of 1 mErl per subscriber

325 subscribers -> 325 * 1 mErl = 0.325 Erl on SDCCH

Total SDCCH traffic -> 0.6305 Erl + 0.3153 Erl + 0.325 Erl = 1.2708
Blocking probability = 1% -> 5 SDCCHs required -> not combined with CCCH

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource Extended Cell
Administration
(Implementation)
Normal region (frequency f1) Extended region (frequency f2 except timeslot 0)
N-TRX (Parameter eTrxInd = N) E-TRX (Parameter eTrxInd = E)

Extended cell size

Parameter radiusExtension
Value = 1..67 radius of extended cell
Value = 0 ordinary cell

f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1

N-TRX BCCH/ Not TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

SDCCH Used

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

f1 f2 f2 f2 f2 f2 f2 f2

E-TRX RACH SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004

 Radio
Resource
Administration
Cell Selection
MS can camp on normal or extended cell, independently on the distance to the BTS
Failure of RACH burst ->
Handover to due Distance
maxMSDistanceHOThreshold
minMSDistanceHOThreshold
Handover due to other Reason
hoTargetArea
© NOKIA BSSPAR / 11.2004
Extended Cell
(Cell Selection, Handover)
Wrong cell selected
Reselection on the basis of the path loss criterion C1
0..63 63 = maximum allowed distance
threshold exceeded -> handover triggered to
extended cell
0..63 63 = maximum allowed distance
threshold exceeded -> handover triggered to
normal cell
0..3 indicates type of target cell (normal or extended)
indicates type of transceiver from which the BSC
tries to allocate a channel (normal or extended)