Sections 2.2 and 2.

3
Logic (Deductive Reasoning) and
Conditional Statements
• Deductive Reasoning: Using
facts, definitions, accepted
properties, and the laws of
logic to form a logical
argument. (Mathematics)
Conditional Statements
Conditional Statement: A logical statement that has two parts, a hypothesis and a
conclusion.

If  then form: The if part contains the hypothesis (p) and the then part
contains the conclusion (q).

Symbolic Representation = pq (reads as if p then q)

For example: If it is raining, then there are clouds in the sky.

Ex. 1 : Write the following in if-then form.

All birds have feathers.

If it is a bird, then it has feathers.

Negation: A statement that is the opposite of the original
statement.
The ball is red. Negation = The ball is not red.
Symbolic Representation = ~p (reads as not p)

Converse: Switch the hypothesis and conclusion.

Symbolic Representation = qp

Inverse: Negate both the hypothesis and the conclusion

Symbolic Representation = ~p~q

Contrapositive: Write the converse and then negate both

the hypothesis and the conclusion. (Switch and Negate).
Symbolic Representation = ~q~p
Ex. 3: Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive
to the following conditional statement.

Conditional: If I study, then I will pass the test.

Converse: If I pass the test, then I

studied.

Inverse: If I did not study, then I will not

pass the test.

Contrapositive: If I did not pass the test,

then I did not study.
Biconditional statement: When a conditional statement
and its converse are both true. They can then be written
as one statement that contains the phrase “if and only if.”

Conditional = If two lines are perpendicular, then they

intersect to form a right angle.

Converse = If two lines intersect to form a right angle,

then they are perpendicular.

Biconditional = Two lines are perpendicular if and only if

they intersect to form a right angle.