PAPER

• Paper is made from cellulose fibers, which are obtained from trees, recovered papers and annual plant
fibers like cereal straws. Today about 97% of the world's paper and board is made from wood-pulp, and
about 85% of the wood-pulp used is from hardwoods and softwoods.​
• Hardwoods are used as an ideal raw material for corrugated cases as well as printing and writing papers
• Softwoods offer longer fibers (average 3 mm compared with 1 mm for hardwoods) and continue to be
used for papers requiring the highest strength characteristics. ​
• Paper is called board when it is heavier than 224 g/m2.​
• Chemically pure cellulose consists of long, ribbon-like molecules made up of smaller glucose units. ​
• Paper and board can be used in contact with food in many different ways, either directly or indirectly,
and either singly or laminated with other materials such as plastic or metal foil. 

PRAMATA GOTE
 Manufacture of Paper 

1. Pulp manufacturing
• Manufacturing of pulp starts with raw material preparation by debarking (in case of
wood), chipping, and other processes.
•  Cellulosic pulp is manufactured from the raw materials, using chemical
and mechanical means.

2. Mechanical Pulping
 
• Mechanical pulping separates fibers from each other by mechanical energy applied
to the wood matrix causing the gradual break of the bonds between the fibers
• In the mechanical pulping, the objective is to maintain the main part of the lignin in
order to achieve high yield with acceptable strength properties
and brightness casuing have a low resistance to aging.
• The main processes are Groundwood Pulping (GW) by pressing wood chips against
a rotating surface to grind off small pieces, Thermo-Mechanical Pulping (TMP), by
using high-temperature steaming before refining. 

3. Chemical Pulping
3.1 Pulp washing and screening
• Chemical pulps are made by cooking (digesting) the raw materials, using the kraft (sulfate)  
and sulfite processes. • To removes impurities and recycles any residual cooking liquor via the pulp
• In the kraft pulp process the active cooking chemicals (white liquor) are sodium hydroxide washing process.
(NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S).  
• Kraft pulp possesses superior pulp strength properties in comparison to sulphite pulp.  3.2 Bleaching  
• Kraft processes produce a variety of pulps used mainly for packaging and high-strength
papers and board. • Bleaching is any process that chemically alters pulp to increase its brightness.
• In the sulfite process Acid (bi)sulphite, Bisulphite, Neutral sulphite (NSSC), and •  The principal pulp bleaching agents are chlorine, chlorine dioxide,
Alkaline sulphite are mainly used to attack and remove lignin. hypochlorite, peroxide, chlorite, oxygen and ozone. 

• Mechanical pulps are weaker than chemical pulps, but cheaper to produce (about 50% of 3.3 Stock Preparation
the costs of chemical pulp) and are generally obtained in the yield range of 85–95%.
• Chemical pulping yields approximately 50% but offers higher strength properties and the • Stock preparation is conducted to convert raw stock into finished stock
fibers are more easily breached because the mechanical pulping process does not (furnish) for the paper machine. 
remove lignin.  • The pulp is prepared for the paper machine including the blending of
different pulps, dilution, and the addition of chemicals. 

PAPER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

3.4 The Wet-end Operation

• The pulp is pumped into the headbox of the paper machine at this point. The slurry
consists of approximately 99.5% water and approximately 0.5% pulp fiber. The exit
point for the slurry is the “slice” or head box opening.
• As the wire moves along the machine path, water drains through the mesh.

3.5 Pressing and Drying

• As the paper enters the press section, it undergoes compression between two rotating
rolls to squeeze out more water.
• Then it  continues  its way through the steam heated dryers losing moisture each step
of the way.
• About 90% of the cost of removing water from the sheet occurs during the pressing
and drying operations.

3.6 Coating/Calendering

• Coating is the treatment of the paper surface with clay or other pigments and/or
adhesives to enhance printing quality, color, smoothness, opacity, or other surface
characteristics. There is a great demand for paper with a very smooth printing surface.

3.7 Finishing

• At the end of the drying process, the sheet is smoothed using an "ironing" method, which
consists of hot polished iron rollers mounted in pairs with synthetic material rollers, one
above the other. [1,2]

3.8  Shipping

• The paper comes off the machine ready for reeling up into large reels, which can be cut or
slit into smaller ones, according to customer requirements. [1,2]

3.9 Quality control

• to ensure that the paper or board is of a consistently high quality. Moreover, for food
contact applications, microbiological and chemical controls have to be carried out. [1,2]

PAPER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Paper may be classified into seven categories:

Printing papers of wide variety.

Wrapping papers for the protection of goods and merchandise. This includes wax and
kraft papers.
Writing paper suitable for stationery requirements. This includes ledger, bank, and bond
paper.
Blotting papers containing little or no size.
Drawing papers usually with rough surfaces used by artists and designers, including
cartridge paper.
Handmade papers including most decorative papers, Ingres papers, Japanese paper and
tissues, all characterized by lack of grain direction.
Specialty papers including cigarette paper, toilet tissue, and other industrial papers.

Paper as a building material :

1. Paper Tubes
Paper tubes, commonly referred to as cardboard tubes, are cylinder- 2. Wallpapers
shaped cardboard tubes. Paper tubes are made up of multiple layers of
paper or paperboard that are coiled together to form a tough, hollow, •  Like wall paints, wallpapers are also equipped with an ability to protect the wall...
and cylindrical shape. Adhesives are used to laminate or glue the paper as an additional décor that can light up the mood in the interior.
layers together. Wallpaper Market Survey Types • Wallpaper is a kind of material used to cover and decorate the interior walls of
Paper Tubes Market SurveyThicknesses • Embossed homes, offices, ...
• 0.5mm – 1.5mm • Printed • To see a home with artistic images and designs embedded on the walls, New
• 5mm – 9mm 1. Plain patterns in building creates pleasing environment for users. • wallpaper give the
• 10mm – 25mm 2. Textured beauty and glamour of any household.
Sizes & Rates : 3. Glossy Sizes & Rates • • wallpaper is cheapest aspect of interior decoration
• Non-customized- 32.80ft x 1.64ft ₹1,400- • Non-customized- 32.80ft x 1.64ft • It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste.
6,000/roll ₹1,400-6,000/roll • Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper", textured, with a regular repeating
• Customized- 6.5ft x 3ft ₹60/sq. ft • Customized- 6.5ft x 3ft ₹60/sq.  pattern design, or, much less commonly today, with a single non- repeating large
design carried over a set of sheets.
• Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, gravure printing, silk
screen-printing, rotary printing, and digital printing.
• Wallpaper is made in long rolls, which are hung vertically on a wall. Patterned
wallpapers are designed so that the pattern "repeats", and thus pieces cut from the
same roll can be hung next to each other so as to continue the pattern without it
being easy to see where the join between two pieces occurs.

PAPER-TYPES
 Cardboard Cathedral by Ar. Shigeru Ban in Christchurch, New Zealand

• The Cardboard Cathedral was designed by the Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and opened in August Advantages of paper:
2013. There are many advantages of using paper
• It is located on the site of St John the Baptist Church on the corner of Hereford and Madras Streets in due to its superior overall flexibility, a few
Latimer Square, several blocks from the permanent location of Christ Church Cathedral. major ones are such as below;
• The building rises 21 meters (69 ft) above the altar. •biodegradable
• Materials used include 60- centimetre (24 in)-diameter cardboard tubes, timber and steel. •easy to print on
• The roof is of polycarbon, with eight shipping containers forming the walls. •cheap to produce
• The foundation is concrete slab. •recyclable
• The architect wanted the cardboard tubes to be the structural elements, but local manufacturers •can be moulded
could not produce tubes thick enough and importing the cardboard was rejected. •can be coated
• The 96 tubes, reinforced with laminated wood beams, are "coated with waterproof polyurethane and •lightweight
flame retardants" with two-inch gaps between them so that light can filter inside. Instead of a
replacement rose window, the building has triangular pieces of stained glass.
• The building seats around 700 people. It serves as a conference venue as well as a cathedral.

EXAMPLE
PAPER PRODUCTS