WOLDIA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

Lecture Note on Water Resources panning and management

Prepared By: Alemshet B.(M.Sc.)

2023
Woldia, Ethiopia
 Presentation outline
 Introduction about Spreadsheet

 Flow duration curve

 Estimation of discharge by using Area velocity method

 Area _elevation _storage curve

 Rating curve

 Optimization of engineering problem

 Introduction
Water Resources of the World and Africa

The total fresh water resources in the world is estimated about

43,750 km3/year excluding saline (sea).
Cont.
Spreadsheet Application for Water Resources Engineering Problems

 Used to draw infiltration curve and rate estimation

To draw Flow duration curve
Discharge calculation
Area _ elevation _ storage curve
 Rating curve/stage discharge curve/ rating equation
Optimization of engineering problems by using solver
 Flow duration curve
•Flow duration curve studies the streamflow varies over a water year. It is the popular methods
of studying streamflow variability.
•Flow duration curve is the relationship between any given discharge and the percentage of
time that the discharge is exceeded or equaled.
•The stream flow data arranged in descending order of discharge using class intervals if the
number of individual values is very large.
Pp = *100 where m is the order number of the discharge
Pp is percentage probability of the flow magnitude being equaled or exceeded, N is the
number of data points
The flow duration curve represents the frequency distribution and can be considered to
represent the stream flow variation of a water year.
 cont..
 The ordinate Qp at any percentage probability Pp represents the flow magnitude in an
average year that can be expected to be equaled or exceeded and is termed as
dependable flow.

 Flow duration curve find considerable use in water resources planning and
development activities. Some of the important use are:

 in evaluating various dependable flows in planning of water resources engineering

projects.

 Evaluating the characteristics of the hydropower potential of a river.

 In flood control studies

cont.
cont..
 Area _Elevation –storage curve

From the contour plan, the water spread area of the reservoir at any elevation is
determined by measuring the area enclosed by the corresponding contour and the
storage capacity of the reservoir at any elevation is determined from the water spread
area at various elevations.

The following formula are commonly used to determine the storage volume.

• Trapezoidal formula

• Cone formula

• Prismoidal formula

• Simpsons formula
 cont..

 Trapezoidal Formula; -the storage volume between two successive

contours of areas A1 and A2 is given by:

• V1 = (A1+A2), h = contour interval

• A1= area of first contour

• A2 = area of second contour

Exercise : how to draw area _elevation _storage curve?

 RATING CURVE
Rating curve is a curve which is drawn stage versus discharge. In any program for flow
measurements, the stream discharges cannot be measured every day.

Furthermore, during the flood event, it is also not possible to measure the discharge
because of high velocities.

To solve such types of difficulties developing a stage-discharge curve (rating curve) is
a sole solution.

The operations necessary to develop the stage-discharge relation at a gauging station

include making a sufficient number of discharge measurements and developing a
rating curve.
 Cont..

Thus, if the stage is known, the discharge can be obtained from the already developed stage-
discharge relationship.

But this will always work if the channel cross-section at the gauging station is not changed
due to station controls.

The general equation of the rating curve is

Q = c(h+a)n Where. C. a &n are variable constants

Exercise: Develop Rating curve or stage-discharge curve

 Optimization


The basic techniques used in water resources systems analysis are optimization and
simulation .

Simulation: predict response to a given design, address what if questions, what will likely
happen?

optimization models: identify optimal design or operation

Whereas optimization techniques are meant to give global optimum solutions, simulation
is a trial and error approach leading to the identification of the best solution possible.

Optimization used for optimal design /to obtain some insights on a given system
 maximize the net benefits

 Minimize the shortages

 Cont..
Maximization:
• Profit, Benefit, revenue

Minimization:
• Risk of failure of Structures, Cost, Resource, time, energy
 Steps in optimization
Develop objective function, Z= f(X)
Identify type of constraints
Develop constraint equations
Put Non negativity constraints
Insert in to solver parameter of excel
 cont.…

Example:
Two crops are grown on a land of 200 ha. The cost of
raising crops 1 is 3unit/ha, while for crops 2 it is 1 unit/ha.
The benefit from crop 1 is 5 unit/ha and from crop 2, it is 2
unit /ha. A total of 300units of money is available for
raising both crops. What should be the cropping plan (how
much area for crop 1 and how much for crop 2) to
maximize the total net benefits?
 LONGER JOURNEY IS LEFT FOR YOU
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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