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Lec 3
Lec 3
MEASUREMENT OF
PRECIPITATION
Measurement of Precipitation
magnitude, intensity, location,
patterns of precipitation
quantity of precipitation as well as, the
spatial and temporal distributions of
the precipitation have considerable
effects on the hydrologic response.
Measurement of Precipitation
Amount of Precipitation
The amount of precipitation means the vertical depth of water
that would accumulate on a level surface, if the precipitation
remains where it falls. The amount of precipitation is
measured in length units (inches, ft., cm., mm., etc).
• Intensity or Rate of Precipitation
Amount of precipitation per unit time is called the intensity
or rate of precipitation (mm/hour, etc.)
Prevent splashing
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Two types of standard storage raingauge
Recording Rain Gauges
Analogue Devices
Weighing Bucket Rain Gauge
Float Type Rain Gauge
Digital Devices
Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
Optical Rain Gauge
Analogue Recording Rain Gauges
Weighing Bucket Rain Gauge
Standard instrument used to quantify rainfall.
Spring scale beneath the collecting bucket
platform that is calibrated to mark the rainfall
depth on a paper chart.
The chart is rotated by a spring-driven or electric
clock at speeds of 1 revolution in 6, 9, 12, 24, or
192 hours.
The rain gauge chart is a record of the
accumulated of rainfall for the selected time
interval.
Weighing Bucket Rain Gauge
The weighing rain gauge consists of a metal canister that
houses a funnel, a pail that sits atop a scale, and an analog
recorder (a rotating drum with paper). Once 0.01 inches
of rain falls through the funnel into the pail, the weight of
the water on the scale triggers the pen on the recorder to
move upwards. As more rain falls, the pen continues to
move upwards creating a time series of rainfall amount on
the chart paper of the rotating drum, which is turned by a
clock mechanism. Although precipitation is measured by
its weight, it is converted to inches on the chart. The
chart paper is replaced weekly, but the pail is emptied
only when it becomes too full, every two months or so.
Analogue Recording Rain Gauges
Float Type Rain Gauge
Standard instrument used to quantify rainfall.
Float within collecting bucket rises with level
Vertical movement marked by pen and shows
rainfall depth on a paper chart.
The chart is rotated by a spring-driven or electric
clock at speeds of 1 revolution in 6, 9, 12, 24, or 192
hours.
The rain gauge chart is a record of the accumulated
of rainfall for the selected time interval.
Analogue Recording Rain Gauges
Float Type Rain Gauge with Siphon
Standard instrument used to quantify rainfall.
Usually with Float Type Rain Gauges
System siphons itself at a certain level (typically 25mm)
Empties container completely
Stores siphoned water in separate (total) container
Problems
15 seconds to siphon
Freezes
Digital Recording Rain Gauges
Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
Two containers on balance beam form a “tipping bucket”
Rain fills one container until it threshold weight reached
Bucket then tips over, emptying collected water into total
container and continues to collect rainfall in other container
Magnet generates electric pulse which is recorded
Problems
Evaporation from buckets
Discontinuous record in light rain
Susceptible to freezing
Digital Recording Rain Gauges
Optical Rain Gauge (ORG)
The ORG is mounted on a small pole
The ORG sends a beam of light (which you cannot
see) from one of its ends to a detector at the other
end.
When raindrops fall, they break the beam. The rain
rate is measured by the ORG by measuring how
often the beam is broken.
The rain rate can be used to calculate the total
amount of rain that has fallen in any given period
ORG measures the rate of rainfall in millimeters per
hour (mm/hr).
Sources of Error
Mistakes in reading the scale of gauge
Dents in collector rim may change its receiving
area
Instrumental error in gauge or in their
recording or measuring arrangements
Some rainwater may get lost due to splash from
the collector
Some initial rainwater may get lost in
moistening gauge funnel and inside surfaces
Sources of Error
Blowing wind may tilt the rains from vertical
which thus brings less rain catch in the gauge
Vertical upward air currents may impact
upward acceleration to precipitation thus
brings less rain catch in gauge
Gauge inclined 10° from vertical will cater 1.5%
less rainfall than it should
Sources of Error
No rainfall recorded during tipping of bucket
Tipping of bucket may be affected due to
rusting or accumulation of dust on pivot
Measured Gauge Accuracy
(Un)avoidable Errors
Equipment failure
Observer error
Avoidable Errors
Site
Obstructions
Height - splashing
Surrounds
Wind
• Ideally, the gauge should be sited
with some shelter, but not over-
sheltered.
• Windshields may reduce the loss due
to turbulence (eddies) around the
gauge
Measured Gauge Accuracy
Common Errors
Evaporation - 1%
Adhesion - 0.5%
Inclination - 0.5%
Splash +1%
Wind -5-8%
Advantages of Recording Rain Gauges
Rainfall is recorded automatically, therefore no
need of attendant
Recording rain gauge also gives intensity of
rainfall at any time, while non-recording gauge
gives only total rainfall for time interval
Recording rain gauges can be installed far off
places as no need of attendant
Possibility of human error is obviated
Disadvantages of Recording Rain Gauges
Costly in comparison to non-recording gauges
Error in recording rainfall due to fault in
electrical or mechanical mechanism
Recording of Data
Paper Charts
Data Loggers
Telemetry
Recording of Data
Paper Charts
Simplest method
Chart moved by spring or electronically driven clock
past pen
Pen moves with weight/float etc
Two Types
Drum - rotates
Strip - moves past pen
Recording of Data
Data Loggers
A data logger is a computer that records and stores
data from sensors both analog (voltage) and
digital(counts).
The data logger requires a program to tell it what to
do.
Preloaded computer chip that already has the program in it
or create the program
Solution:
P (measured) = 125 mm
Angle of inclination (θ) = 200 with the vertical
P(actual) = P(measured)/cos (θ) = 125/cos 200 = 133 mm
Rain Gauge Network
Design of Precipitation Network depends upon
the purpose:
Developing & managing water resources
Operational purposes like flood forecasting,
operation of reservoirs, research, etc
Factors Affecting Density
Physiographical and hydrological factors like terrain
and rainfall regimes
Flat regions of temperate and tropical zones
Mountain regions
Arid and Polar regions
Stream network
Population density and economic activity
RAINGAUGE NETWORK
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommendation:
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Rain Gauge Network
Network density of rain gauges depends upon
Uses for which the rainfall data intended
Represent picture of the aerial distribution of rainfall
Area (Sq Km) Rain Gauge Stations
0 - 80 1
80 – 160 2
160 – 320 3
320 – 560 4
560 – 800 5
800 – 1000 6