INTRODUCTION

TO RESEARCH
METHODS 3

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 RECAP 1 and 2
• Experimental Design
• Alternative and null
and sample
hypothesis
• Operational
• Directional and Definition
non-directional • Controlling Variables
hypothesis
• Quantitative and
• Variables – Qualitative
Independent and • Data Analysis
Dependent
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 Observation

Case
Self Report
Studies

Research Correlations
Experiment
Methods

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 Methods
• Experimental • Non-Experimental
– Lab – Self Report
– Field – Case Studies
– Quasi – Observation
– Correlations.

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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

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 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

Systematic study in controlled environment

(artificial)
Measure precisely the effects of IV on DV
Some variables are constant – EV’s
IV’s must have at least two levels.
Have experimental and control group
Have a clear operational definition.
Participants usually know that they are being
studied but may not know the true purpose of the study.
Quantitative and qualitative data could be collected.

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 FIELD EXPERIMENT
 Real-life settings - classroom, work-place or streets.
 Have IV and DV.
 Some control over EV’s.
 Has an operational definition.
 There could be a control group and experimental
group.
 Participants usually do not know that they are being
studied and may not know the true purpose of the
study.
 Quantitative and qualitative data could be collected.

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QUASI EXPERIMENTAL (NATURAL)
 Naturally occurring variable that is manipulated variable
(IV)
 Has DV
 Do not directly manipulate variable.
 No control over EV’s
 Has an operational definition.
 There could be a control group and experimental group.
 Participants usually know that they are being studied
and may know the true purpose of the study.
 Quantitative and qualitative data could be collected.

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 Famous Experiments

Asch Conformity Milgram lab study Little Albert lab

lab study in on obedience , study on
1951 1963 conditioning , 1920

Stanford prison Lying behavior Body dysmorphic

field criminals quasi disorder quasi study,
experiment, study , 2002 2001
1971
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NON - EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

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 SELF-REPORT
QUESTIONNAIRE/SURVEY
 Researcher asks questions to respondents.
 Questions may measure of memory and behavior,
attitude and opinion.
 Open-ended = Respondents answer using their own
words, unconstrained by choices provided by the
researcher
 Close-ended = Respondent chooses one answer from
a set of answers ; usually more than 2 choices.
 Forced choice = yes or no.
 Likert scale = 5 to 9 distinct points , with each reflecting
a score on the continuum. circle the item on the scale.

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Example of Close and Open-
Ended Question

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Example of Forced Choice and
Likert Scale

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 SELF-REPORT
INTERVIEW
 Social interaction
Structured = Questions designed to be asked exactly as
worded ; A standardized format - the same questions are
asked to each interviewee in the same order.
Unstructured = guided conservation’ informal interviews.
Different questions are asked to each interviewee ; open-
ended questions that can be asked in any order.
Semi-structured = pre-determined set of structured questions
and having unstructured questions to probe further; does not
limit respondents to a set of pre-determined answers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t-_hYjAKww
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 Useful Websites
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/experimental-method.html#:~:text=A
%20laboratory%20experiment%20is%20an,and%20using%20a
%20standardized%20procedure.
• http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-psychology-
research-methods/quasi-experimental-design/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report_study#:~:text=A%20self%2Dreport
%20study%20is,attitudes%2C%20beliefs%20and%20so%20on.
• https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/qualitative-research/
interviews/

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9990 Psychology