QUANTUM COMPUTING

IN DEFECTIVE SOLIDS
Jay Chotaliya
Dr. Bernd Bauerhenne
University of Kassel
28th June 2022

Images are from Wikipedia

WHAT WE’LL LEARN
• 1. Limitation of Classical computers
• 2. Principles of Quantum computers
• 3. Quantum computing models
• 4. NV centers as QBITS
• 5. Manipulating NV center QBITS
Classical Computational Systems
• Really cool stuff!!!
• Interesting manipulation of information through current in
the wire.
• Transistors carry current and act as a two way system
• We can compute interesting stuff by using logical gates
• System of Gates can be sequenced to performing basic mathematical operation faster than
humans can.
You said they are great, Why try fixing what’s not
broken?
• There is only so much we can achieve with them
• Silicon chips lasted well but the transistor channel size
is now at 4nm in commercial chips.
• There are problems that can be solved but classical
computers are just slow.
• For example: optimization problems, Simulation problem, prime factorization etc.
Well, I want to solve one of those problem, what to
do?
• Look for better algorithms because they are not ruled out yet.

• Optimize the problem in a way that can loose some information but improve the
computational time.
Creating better computing system

• We have many potential candidate to replace silicon as a computational basis. (Graphene

is one of them)
• But they too will be insufficient to compute optimization problem, and will give no real
increments in computing power.

• There is one way though :

 Reviews of Quantum Phenomenon
• Superposition : When a system shares a values of multiple states in a single state we call
it a superposition of those states. (Identical experiments may not result in identical
results.)

• Interference : We can simply say that it is just a interaction of waves.

Review of Quantum phenomenon

• Entanglement : When the pair of particle is entangled, you can measure state of one
particle the state of other particle’s wavefunction also collapse (This happens
instantaneously. Does that break the universal speed limit?)

Image is from NIST

Unit of Quantum computation
• QUBITS : they are two way system and are fundamental
unit of computation in quantum computation.

• Qubits can be any quantum system that we can

manipulate and have two possible states.

• Unlike normal computers Q-bits are not bound to the

Image is from Fomento Ocupational Instituto

two states. It will have superposition of all different states.

Properties we can use to make Q-bits

Image is from John Preskill’s lectures on quantum computers

Why they are faster? (In some cases)

• The total number of classical bits require to represent the n component system is n.
• In qubits it is
• This allows us to store more information in very small number of qubit.
Why they are faster? (In some cases)

• Due to superposition and entanglement we are allowed to carry multiple computation at

the same time reducing the time of computation by significant margins
Why they are faster? (In some cases)

• It is obvious that our result after any quantum operations will be in the superposition
states of all the outcome probability.
• We use smart algorithms to successfully increase the probability of right answer.

Image is from ARS

technica
An Example

Classical system require on an average 2.5

operations to get the right answer

Quantum system with 2 Qubits will solve this

in one go.
A Quick Recap

• Classical computers are not efficient in solving some kind of problems.

• We can use two way quantum system and we call it Qubits. The fundamental unit of
computation in quantum computer.
• We use quantum phenomena to solve those kind of problems and due to its probabilistic
nature and entanglement of system, we can compute things simultaneously and store way
more information in a single Qubit.
Benefits of Quantum Computers

• Just by entangling 100 Qubits and passing one Qubit through a Hadamard gate will give a
633 octillion computation in a one operation.
• Simultaneous computing can be done by performing only one operation.
• This will help us solve computation tasks like finding the prime factorization of number.
Challenges of Quantum Computers

• By the nature of quantum system they are very susceptible to noise and decoherence.
• They require very cold environments. (not all kinds of QC but some do)
• They are very hard to programme. As they require reversible computing.
• They are extremely expensive. But I have got that covered wait for till the end of the
presentation.
• Most of this problems can be solved by carefully selecting two way quantum systems.
NV centres

• NV centres are colour centres in the diamond. It is basically a Nitrogen impurity in the
diamond Lettice.
• Nitrogen is replaced in the place of carbon. And makes
3 covalent bond with carbon and 2 lone pairs
• There are two different charge states – and
• We are interested in
Why NV centres?

• NV centers are highly isolated.

• They have very long coherence time. Resulting in longer computations accessible.
• We can manipulate single Qubit through microwave radiation, visible light or with B or E
field.
• NV centers are photoluminescent. That way we can observe the spin state.
• Most compelling reason of all is that we can create a Qubit at room temperature.
Zeeman splitting in NV centres

• So, how do we create two way quantum system in NV centers?

Through Zeeman splitting,

Applying a B field in along the axis of vacancy and Nitrogen atom we can split the ground
state energy Into two state and we can use it as a Q-Bit.
• Spin dynamics in the NV center in diamond. The primary transition
between the ground and excited state triplets is spin conserving. Decay
via the intermediate singlets gives rise to spin polarization by
converting spin from ms = ±1 to ms = 0.

• The effect of a static magnetic field B0 along the defect axis and the
resulting Zeeman shift is indicated

• In many applications two of the ground-state levels are then used as a

qubit.[4] Transitions in this effective two-level system, may be induced
using a microwave field.
Manipulating NV centre Qubits

• There is a interesting phenomenon called spin initialisation. That can convert all the
Qubits into 0 spin state.
• We can manipulate NV centre Qubits by defect axis B field or E field.
• We can also manipulate Qubits using electrical currents.
• we can use microwaves of suitable frequency to change the spins of Qubits.
Technique to manipulate single Qubit

• A strain is applied to the diamond crystal. This will

introduce strain in the crystal. Because of strain the optical
coupling frequency will also change.
• By using Zeeman splitting at the ground level we can then
create composite microwave pulse to control the individual Quantum information processing with
spins. closely-spaced diamond color centers in strain
and magnetic fields [Invited]
ZHUJING XU, ZHANG-QI YIN, QINKAI HAN
AND TONGCANG
LI.
A bright new horizon or a giant dead end?
Conclusion

• Quantum computers are not systems for commercial use. They are more of a special
problem machines, trying to solve special problems.
• They are fundamentally different from the classical computers.
• They can be very fast in solving some kinds of problem.
• We took a look at some common quantum systems that can act as a Qubits.
• NV centres are reliable two way system and have good coherence time, easy
manipulation and can be fabricated fairly easily. They can operate at room temperature.
 Bibliography

1. P. C. Humphreys, N. Kalb, J. P. J. Morits, R. N. Schouten, R. F. L. Vermeulen, D. J. Twitchen, M. Markham, and R.Hanson, “Deterministic delivery of
remote entanglement on a quantum network,” Nature 558(7709), 268–273 (2018).

2.  Rogers, L. J.; Doherty, M. W.; Barson, M. S. J.; Onoda, S.; Ohshima, T.; Manson, N. B. (2015-01-01). "Singlet levels of the NV − centre
in diamond". New Journal of Physics. 17 (1): 013048. arXiv:1407.6244.  

3. Rogers, L. J.; Armstrong, S.; Sellars, M. J.; Manson, N. B. (2008). 

"Infrared emission of the NV centre in diamond: Zeeman and uniaxial stress studies". New Journal of Physics. 10 (10): 103024. arXiv:
0806.0895. 

4. ^ Doherty, Marcus W.; Manson, Neil B.; Delaney, Paul; Jelezko, Fedor; Wrachtrup, Jörg; Hollenberg, Lloyd C.L. (July 2013). 
"The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond". Physics Reports. 528 (1): 1–45. arXiv:1302.3288. 
5.  Gordon, Luke; Weber, Justin R.; Varley, Joel B.; Janotti, Anderson; Awschalom, David D.; Van de Walle, Chris G. (2013-10-01). "Quantum computing with
defects". MRS Bulletin. 38 (10): 802–807. doi:10.1557/mrs.2013.206.