Skeletal System

What are the 5 Functions

of the Skeletal System?
Muscle attached to bones!! 1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.

2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart from
injury.

4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.
 What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?

5. Storage: Bones store

minerals, such as
calcium and phosphorus,
for use by the body
 ►Axial Skeleton: The
What are the Two Major axial skeleton includes
Skeletal System Parts? the skull, spine, ribs
and sternum.

►Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular skeleton
includes the
appendages of the
body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips,
and legs.
What are the Basic ►Four basic bone shapes:
Bone Shapes? – 1. Long- arms, legs and
fingers
– 2. Short- wrist and ankles
– 3. Flat- skull and sternum
– 4. Irregular- spine
 Bone Classification
Types of bones:
1. Long Bones
• Longer than they are wide
• All limb bones except the
patella (kneecap) and the
bones of the wrist and
ankle
2. Short Bones
• Roughly cube shaped
• Bones of the wrist and the
ankle
 Bone Classification
3. Flat Bones
• Thin, flattened, and usually a
bit curved.
• Scapula (shoulder blade),
sternum (breast bone), ribs,
and most bones of the skull.
4. Irregular Bones
• Have weird shapes that fit
none of the 3 previous
classes.
• Vertebrae, hip bones, 2 skull
bones – mandible and maxilla.
 Bone Structure

All bones consist of

a dense, solid outer
layer known as
compact bone and
an inner layer of
spongy bone.
Cross Section of a Long Bone
What is the Structure ►Typical Four Layers:
of Bone? – Periosteum: Covers
Bones
– Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
– Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the
compact bone
– Bone Marrow: Fills
the gaps between
the spongy bone
What is the Structure – Bones are complex
living structures that
of Bone? undergo growth and
development.
– A thin tough outer
membrane covers
the bone.
– Beneath the outer
membrane is a layer
of compact bone
(hard and dense,
but not solid – it is
filled with holes and
has small canals for
blood vessels and
nerves).
Compact Bone Structure
In compact bone, osteocytes (bone cells) are
arranged in rings around Central Canals,
passageways for blood vessels and nerves.
R
 Compact Bone Structure
Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue, so it must
consist of cells plus an extracellular matrix.
collagen (protein) – provides strength and resilience
and
calcium – provides hardness and resistance to
crushing
 Compact Bone 400x

Osteocyte (basic
bone cell)

Haversian Canal
(opening)

Extracellular
Matrix (collagen
and Ca)
 What is the – Inside the
compact bone is
Structure of Bone? a layer of spongy
bone.
– It has many small
spaces, is light
weight, but
strong.
– Spongy bone is
also found at the
ends of bones.
 Spongy Bone Structure
• Composed of irregular and interconnected
channels, creating lots of space.
• Absorbs shock/stress on skeleton
• Space makes bone lighter
• Space is filled with
bone marrow:
red – blood cell production
yellow – fat storage
 – In the spaces of many
What is the bones there is a soft
Structure of Bone? connective tissue
called marrow.
– Two types of Marrow:
►Red
►Yellow
– Red Marrow
produces most
of the body’s
blood cells.
– Yellow Marrow
stores fat that
can serve as an
energy reserve.
How Strong are – The structure of
Bones? bones make it
both strong and
light weight.
– 20 % of an adults
body weight is
bone.
– Bone is made up
of 2 minerals:
►Calcium
►Phosphorus
 – As an infant, most of your
How Do Bones skeleton is cartilage.
Develop?
– Cartilage is a strong
flexible tissue.

– Over time the cartilage is

replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the
time you stop growing.

– Not all cartilage is

replaced in adults. Many
joints contain cartilage,
protecting the ends of
bones (ears and the end
of the nose is also
cartilage).
 Clavicle or Collarbone
►The clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is
only as thick as your
little finger.
Scapula
►The scapula is
located on the back
side of the ribcage
and helps provide
part of the shoulder
joint and movement
for the arms.
Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck
bones) 

 
2) The thorasic region (what
the ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the

lower part of the back) 
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
 Radius and Ulna

►Radius on Top

►Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis
 Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What are Joints? • A joint is a place
where two bones
come together.

• Joints allow the

bones to move in
different ways.

• Two types of joints:

• Immovable
• Movable
 What are • A joint that
Immovable Joints? allows little or
no movement
 • Most of the joint are
What are movable joints.
• Allow the body to move
Movable Joints? in a wide range of
movements.
• Bones in movable
joints are held together
by strong connective
tissue called
ligaments.
• Four types of movable
joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding
What is a Ball- • Round end of bone
and-Socket fitting snuggly within
another bone.
Joint?  Ex. Shoulder and
Hip
• Allows the greatest
range of motion.
 The ball-and-socket
joint allows you to
swing your arm
freely in a circle.
 ►Movement in one
What is a direction like a door.
– Ex. Knee and Elbow
Hinge Joint? ►Allows forward or
backward motion.
 ► Bone resting atop
What is a Pivot another bone permitting
free movement.
Joint? – Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
► Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
– Allows you to turn your
head
 • Allows one bone to
What is a Gliding slide over another.
Joint?  Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
• Allows your to
bend and flex as
well as make
limited side to side
motions.
 • Connects bone to
What is a bone.
Ligament?
What is a • Attaches
muscles to
Tendon?
bones.