RISE AND SHINE MENDELEEV !

Prepared by
Robert John M. Bumagat
What medications/treatment
do patient with cancer
usually undergo?
Do they take medicines?
What kind of drugs they
usually take to treat the
cancer?
ANTICANCER
DRUGS!
Anticancer drugs

• It is also called antineoplastic

drug, is a drug that is
effective in the treatment of
malignant, or cancerous,
disease.
Anti + neoplastic (abnormal cell growth)
Alkylating agents
Alkylating agents works by adding
an alkyl group to the guanine base of
the DNA molecule, preventing the
strands of the double helix from
linking as they should. This causes
breakage of the DNA strands,
affecting the ability of the cancer cell
to multiply.
Alkylating agents
Drugs that are classified to
Alkylating agents has the ability
to prevent the strands of DNA
from linking by adding an alkyl
group.
Alkylating agents
MODE OF ACTION:
Cross linking of DNA Strands
• These can be classified as
monofunctional and bifunctional
alkylating agents.
Alkylating agents
• Monofunctional alkylating agents,
implying reactions with only one
strand of DNA and Bifunctional
alkylating agents, which cross-link
two strands of DNA.
Replications of DNA and transcription of
RNA are prevented by these cross-links.
Alkylating agents
• All alkylating agents depress bone
marrow function and cause
gastrointestinal disturbances such
as nausea and vomiting.
Since bone marrow is responsible for the
production of red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets when it is weakened, what will
happen? What blood disease may this lead?
Alkylating agents
The risk of leukemia from alkylating agents is
“dose-dependent”, meaning that the risk is
small with lower doses, but it goes up as the
total amount of the drug used gets higher. The
risk of leukemia after getting alkylating agents
is highest about 5 to 10 years treatment.
Alkylating agents
Alkylating agents play a significant role in the
treatment of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease,
breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and other
malignancies.

Examples:
Alkylating agents play a significant role in the
treatment of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease, breast
cancer, multiple myeloma, and other malignancies.
Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites are called a
“cytotoxic” type of drugs because they
kill cells. They work by mimicking the
molecules that the cells need to grow.
Antimetabolites
The benefit of taking this kind of
drug is can kill cancer cells, which can
help you live longer and make your
tumor stop growing or shrink.
However, this don’t work for everyone
because not all tumor will respond to
this kind of drugs.
 Antimetabolites
EXAMPLE:
• Hypomethylating agents represents a class
of drugs that may restore normal gene
function to genes responsible for cell
division and differentiation.
Hypomethylating agents may function as
biological response modifiers by affecting
cytokine cell signaling. These agents may be identified as antimetabolites
and they include 5-azacytidine and Decitadine.
Antimetabolites
EXAMPLE:
• Methotrexate is used to treat certain
types of cancer of the breast, skin,
head and neck, lungs. It is also used to
treat severe psoriasis and
rheumatoid arthritis.
Other examples include 5-flourouracil and
Cytosine Arabinoside.
Anthracyclines
Anthracyclines or anthracycline
antibiotics are a class of drugs used in
cancer chemotherapy derived from
Streptomyces bacteria.
These compounds are used to treat a
wide range of cancers, including
leukemias, lymphomas, and breast,
uterine, ovarian, and lung cancers.
Anthracyclines
Examples include Bleomycin,
Daunorubicin, and Doxorubicin.
Anthracyclines
3 MECHANISMS OF ACTION
• Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by
interacting between base pairs of
RNA/DNA strands, thus preventing the
replication of rapidly-growing cancer cells.
• Inhibiting topoisomerase II enzyme,
preventing the relaxing of supercoiled
DNA and thus blocking DNA transcription
and replication.
Anthracyclines
3 MECHANISMS OF ACTION
• Creates iron-mediated free oxygen radicals
that damage the DNA and cell membranes.

However, drugs that is classified

under it is said to be a drugs that
damage heart cells.
Activity
Know My Side!
Direction:
Show the effects and side effects of anticancer
drugs. The arrow going up represents the benefit
of anticancer drugs during treatment process
while the arrow going down represents the side
effects during cancer treatment.
A. Alkylating agents B. Antimetabolite

C. Anthracyclines
Choices:
1. Drugs that prevent replication of cancer cell by
introducing an alkylating agent.
2. Drugs that damage heart cells.
3. Drugs that prevent replication of the cancer cell by
inserting a base pair to DNA and RNA.
4. Drugs that stop the cell division of the cancer cell by
mimicking a molecule of DNA and RNA.
5. Drugs that are affective in certain amount of time.
6. Drugs that could effect bone marrow leading to
anemia.
 To summary:

What is anticancer?
What are the three major
classes of anticancer drugs?

03/13/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 25

 How important for patient
with tumor or has malignant
disease to take anticancer
drugs?

03/13/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 26

 Quiz Time!
Bring out ¼ sheet of paper for 5-point multiple
choice. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1.What kind of drug could effectively
reduce or kill cancer cells?
A. anticancer
B. antimetabolite
C. chemotherapy
D. doxorubicin
2. How do alkylating agents affect cancer cell?
A. It reduces the tumor mass by 99.99%.
B. It reduces the damage of the cancer cells.
C. It keeps the cancer cells into one area and
kills it.
D. It stops the cancer cell from reproducing by
damaging its DNA.
3. Which anticancer drug is used to treat severe
psoriasis and rheumatoid?
A. Bleomycin
B. Daunorubicin
C. Doxorubicin
D. Methotrexate
4. Which classification of drugs works to stop
the cell division of the cancer cell by mimicking
a molecule of DNA and RNA?
A. Alkylating agents
B. Antimetabolites
C. Anthracyclines
D. Doxorubicin
5. Anticancer is also called as _________.
A. Antineoplastic
B. Antipyretic
C. Anticoagulant
D. Antihistamine
Assignment
Search the following common chemotherapy drugs
and write a short description of each. Write your
answer in one whole paper. To be submitted on
Monday.
• Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
• Cyclophosphamide (Cytotoxan)
• Paclitaxel (Taxol)
• Fluorouracil (Adrucil)
• Gemcitabine (Gemzar)