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GENETICS

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 GENETICS: INTRODUCTION

• PROBABILITY- branch of mathematics that

explains the likelihood that a particular event
will occur.

• Example: Toss a coin, there is 50% probability,

or half a chance, that you will get a head. 50 %
- tail.
 GENETICS: INTRODUCTION
• MONOHYBRID CROSS – a cross between parents
that differ in one trait.
• Ex. cross between two plants
• (Y) - allele that codes for a yellow - colored
flower ,dominant.
• (y) – allele that codes for a green - colored flower
• Both parents contain heterozygous alleles that
code for a yellow - colored flower (Yy).
GENETICS: INTRODUCTION
Y y

Y YY Yy

(yellow) (yellow)

y Yy Yy

(yellow (green)
 GENETICS: INTRODUCTION
• The results in the punnett square show that the genotypes and phenotypes are not the
same for all offspring.

• 25% -contains the YY genotype

• 50% - contains the Yy genotype
• 25% - contains the yy genotype
• 75% - probability that the offspring’s phenotype is dominant trait. (yellow flower)
• 25% - recessive trait (green flower)
• (GR)= 1 YY:2Yy:1yy or 1:2:1
• (PR) = 3 yellow:1 green or 3:1
 To perform a monohybrid cross,follow
these steps:
1. Choose the letters / use the given letters in the problem
to represent the genes of the traits to be crossed.In the
given example, Y is used for the yellow flower and y is
used for the green flower.

• Note that capital letters are used for dominant trait,

lower case letters are used for recessive.
2. Place the gametes on top and on the left side of the
Punnette square, such that each allele (Y and y) will fill up
one outer box.
3. Pair each gamete, and write the pairings in the inner
squares in the punnett square. The combined gametes are the
genotypes.
4. Write the phenotype below each genotype. The “Yellow”
and “green” – phenotypes
5. Identify the genotypic and the phenotypic ratios.
 Dihybrid cross
• Two contrasting traits between parents can be crossed to determine the
genotype and phenotype of their offspring.
• Ex. Each parent has 2 sets of genes, containing alleles for hair color and
eye color.
• (A)- black hair, dominant
• (a) – blonde hair
• (B) – eye color , brown eyes ,dominant
• (b) – blue eyes
• Both parents has black hair (Aa), brown eyes(Bb)
• Both are heterozygous for the two traits.
 Steps:
1. Identify the genotypes of the parents
• Father (AaBb) – heterozygous black hair (Aa) and
heterozygous brown eyes(Bb)
• Mother (AaBb) – heterozygous black hair (Aa) and
heterozygous brown eyes(Bb)
2. Determine the possible gamete combinations.
Father – AB,Ab,aB,ab
Mother – AB,Ab,aB,ab
3. Write the possible gamete combinations of the top and on
the left side the square.
Male/ AB Ab aB ab
Female
AB

Ab

aB

ab
Male / AB Ab aB ab
Female

AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb

Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb

aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

 5. Write the phenotypic on each box
Male/Female AB Ab aB ab

AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb

(black hair & (black hair & (black hair & (black hair &
brown eyes) brown eyes) brown eyes) brown eyes)

Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb

(black hair & (black hair & (black hair & (black hair &
brown eyes) blue eyes) brown eyes) blue eyes)

aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

(black hair & (black hair & (blonde hair & (blonde hair &
brown eyes) brown eyes) brown eyes) brown eyes)

ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

(black hair & (black hair & (blonde hair & (blonde hair &
brown eyes) blue eyes) brown eyes) blue eyes)
6. Identify the genotypic and the phenotypic
ratios.

GR = 1 AABB : 2 AABb :1 AAbb : 2 AaBB : 4 AaBb

2Aabb : 1 aaBB : 2 aaBb : 1 aabb

PR = 9 black hair and brown eyes: 3 black hair

and blue eyes: 3 blonde hair and brown eyes : 1
blonde hair and blue eyes (9:3:3:1)
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