Daw Theingi Ye Myint - Industrial Water Pollution COntrol-revised - 190329

Environmental Management System
A Training Program for Industrial Pollution Control

Yangon, Myanmar 5th May, 2019
Industrial Water Pollution

Control
Dr. Theingi Ye Myint
Visiting Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
Yangon Technological University
1
A Training Program for Industrial Pollution Control 5th May,
Yangon, Myanmar
2019
Water
• Water is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and
the fluids of most living organisms.
• It is vital for all known forms of life.
• Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans.
• Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice
caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (formed
of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).
• Water plays an important role in the world economy.
• Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by human goes to agriculture
• Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating,
in industry and homes
2
A Training Program for Industrial Pollution Control 5th May, 2019
Yangon, Myanmar
Why water is polluted?

• Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies
(lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and ground
water), usually as a result of human
activities
• The causes of water pollution include a
wide range of chemicals and pathogens as
well as physical parameters.
• Contaminants may include organic and
inorganic substances.
• Elevated temperatures can also lead to
polluted water
3
Water Pollutants and Their Sources

• Point Sources
• Nan-point Sources
• Oxygen-Demanding Material
• Nutrients
• Pathogenic Organisms
• Suspended Solids
• Salts
• Toxic metals and toxic organic chemicals
• Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
• Pesticides
• Heat 4
5
Point Sources
• Domestic sewage and industrial wastes are called point sources
because they are generally collected by a network of pipes or channels
and conveyed to a single point of discharge into the receiving water
• Domestic sewage consists of wastes from homes, schools, office
buildings, and stores
• The term municipal sewage is used to mean domestic sewage into
which industrial wastes are also discharged.
• In general, point source pollution can be reduced or eliminated
through waste minimization and proper wastewater treatment prior to
discharge to a natural water body
6
Non-point sources
• Urban and agricultural runoff are characterized by multiple discharge points
• Often the polluted water flows over the surface of the land or along natural drainage
channels to the nearest water body , wastewater treatment at each outlet is not
economically feasible.
• Much of the non-point source pollution occurs during rainstorms or spring snowmelt
resulting in large flow rates that make treatment even more difficult
• Runoff from agricultural land is a significant non-point source. Fertilizer, whether in the
form of manure or commercial fertilizer, contributes nutrients.
• Agricultural runoff carries toxic organic compounds in the form of pesticides. Soil
erosion contributes suspended solids.
• Implementation of Best Management Practices (BMP) to reduce excess application of
fertilizer and pesticides along with erosion control programs conserves the farmers
economic investment while protecting the river.
7
Oxygen-Demanding Material.
• Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving water with the consumption of
dissolved molecular oxygen is termed oxygen-demanding material.
• This material is usually biodegradable organic matter but also includes certain
inorganic compounds
• The consumption of dissolved oxygen, DO poses a threat to fish and other higher
forms of aquatic life that must have oxygen to live.
• The critical level of DO varies greatly among species
• Oxygen-demanding materials in domestic sewage come primarily from human
waste and food residue
• Among the many industries that produce oxygen-demanding wastes are the food
processing and paper industries
8
9
Nutrients
• All living things require these nutrients (Nitrogen and
Phosphorus) for growth
• Thus, they must be present in rivers and lakes to support
the natural food chain excessive nutrients often lead to
large growths of algae
• Some major sources of nutrients are phosphorus-based
detergents, fertilizers, and food-processing wastes
10
Eutrophication
11
Eutrophication
12
Pathogenic Organisms
• Microorganisms found in wastewater include bacteria,
viruses, and protozoa excreted by diseased persons or animals.
• When discharged into surface waters, they make the water unfit for
drinking (that is, nonpotable).
• If the concentration of pathogens is sufficiently high, the water may also
be unsafe for swimming and fishing
•
Cholera and typhoid are endemic diseases in the world with over 384,000
cases of cholera and 16 million cases of typhoid per year
13
Environmental Management System 5th May, 2019
Yangon, Myanmar
Suspended Solids.
Organic and inorganic
particles that are carried by
the wastewater
into a receiving water are
termed suspended solids
(SS).
As excessive sediment
loads are deposited into
lakes and reservoirs, the
usefulness of the water is
reduced
14
Toxic Metals and Toxic Organic Compounds

• Agricultural runoff often contains pesticides and herbicides that have been used on crops.
• Many industrial wastewaters contain either toxic metals or toxic organic substances.
• If discharged in large quantities, many of these materials can render a body of water nearly
useless for long periods of time.
• Many toxic compounds are concentrated in the food chain, making fish and shellfish unsafe for
human consumption.
• Thus, even small quantities of toxic compounds in the water can be incompatible with the natural
ecosystem and many human uses.
15
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals.
• The class of chemicals known as endocrine disrupters, or EDCs, alter the normal
physiological function of the endocrine system and
can affect the synthesis of hormones
• EDCs can also target tissues where the hormones
exert their effects.
• EDCs can mimic estrogens, androgens, or thyroid hormones or their
antagonists.
• They can interfere with the regulation of reproductive and developmental
process in mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish
16
Heat
• Although heat is not often recognized as a pollutant, those in the electric
power industry are well aware of the problems of disposing of waste heat.
• Also, waters released by many industrial processes are much hotter than the receiving
waters.
• In some environments an increase of water temperature can be beneficial.
• For example, production of clams and oysters can be increased in some areas by warming
the water.
On the other hand, increases in water temperature can have negative impacts.
• Many important commercial and game fish, such as salmon and trout, live only in cool
water.
In some instances the discharge of heated water from a power plant can completely
block salmon migration.
• Higher temperatures also increase the rate of oxygen depletion in areas where oxygen-
demanding wastes are present.
17
Groundwater Pollution
18
Industrial Wastewater
• Industrial wastewater means used up water from industries.
• The characteristics of waters depend on the nature of industry
19
Industrial Wastewater
• The industrial wastes either join the streams or other natural water
bodies directly, or are emptied into the municipal sewers.
• These wastes affect the normal life of stream or the normal
functioning of sewerage and sewage treatment plant.
• Streams can assimilate certain amount of wastes before they are
"polluted"
20
Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

• Inorganic salts:
• Inorganic salts, which are present in most industrial wastes as well as in nature itself,
cause water to be "hard" and make a stream undesirable for industrial, municipal and
agricultural usage.
• Salt laden waters deposit scale on municipal water- distribution pipelines,
increasing resistance to flow and lowering the overall capacity of the lines.
• Another disadvantage is that, under proper environmental conditions, inorganic salts
especially nitrogen and phosphorous induce the growth of microscopic plant life
(algae)in surface waters
21

• Acids and /or Alkalis :
• Acids and Alkalis discharged by chemical and other industrial plants
make a stream undesirable not only recreational uses such as swimming
and boating, but also for propagation of fish and other aquatic life.
• High concentrations of sulfuric acid, sufficient to lower the pH below 7.0
when free chlorine is present, have been reported to cause eye irritation to
swimmers.
• A low pH may cause corrosion in air conditioning equipment and a pH
greater than 9.5 enhances laundering.
22

• Organic matter :
• Organic Matter exhausts the oxygen resources of rivers and
creates unpleasant tastes, odours and general septic conditions.
• It is generally conceded that the critical range for
fish survival is 3to 4 mg/l of D.O
• Certain organic chemicals such as phenols, affect the taste of
domestic water supplies
23

• Suspended solids :
• Suspended solids settle to the bottom or wash up on the banks
and decompose, cause sing odours and depleting oxygen in the
river water.
• Fish often die because of a sudden lowering of the oxygen content
of a stream.
• Visible sludge creates unsightly conditions and destroys the use of
a river for recreational purposes
• These solids also increase the turbidity of the watercourse.
24

• Floating Solids and liquids:
• These includes oils, greases, and other materials which float on the
surface, they not only make the river unsightly but also obstruct passage of
light through the water, retarding the growth of vital plant food.
• Some specific objections to oil in streams are that it
i) interferes with natural reaeration
ii) is toxic to certain species of fish and aquatic life
iii) causes trouble in conventional water treatment processes by imparting
tastes and odours to water and coating sand filters with a tenacious film.
25

• Heated Water:
• An increase in water temperature, brought about by discharging wastes such as
condenser waters in to streams, has various adverse effects.
• Bacterial action increases in higher temperatures, resulting in accelerated
repletion of the streams oxygen resources.
• Increased temperature will cause remarkable reduction in the self-purification
capacity of a water body
26
• The possible effects of heat on fish may be summarised here:

(a)Direct death from excessive temperature rise beyond the thermal death point.
(b)Indirect death due to
• less oxygen available
• disruption of the food supply
•decreased resistance to toxic materials
•decreased resistance to disease
• predation from more tolerant species
•synergism with toxic substances
(c) Increase in respiration and growth
(d )Competitive replacement by more tolerant species
(e) Sub-lethal effects
27

•Colour : Colour is contributed by textile and paper mills, tanneries, slaughterhouses and other
industries, is an indicator of pollution.
• Colour interferes with the transmission of sunlight into the
stream and therefore lessens photosynthetic action.
• Furthermore, municipal and industrial water plants have great difficulty, and scant success in
removing colour from raw water
•Toxic chemicals : Both inorganic and organic chemicals, even in extremely low concentrations,
may be poisonous to fresh water fish and other smaller aquatic microorganisms.
•Many of these compounds are not removed by municipal treatment plants and have a
cumulative effect on biological systems
28

• Microorganisms : A few industries, such as tanneries and slaughterhouses,
some times discharge wastes containing bacteria.
• Radio Active Materials : Cumulative damaging effects on living cells.
• Foam Producing Matter : Foam producing matter such as is discharged by
textile mills, paper and pulp mills and chemical plants, gives an undesirable
appearance to the receiving streams.
• It is an indicator of contamination and is often more objectionable in a stream
than lack of oxygen.
• Harmful Constituents: Toxic Metals, Acids, or Alkalis, Pieces of Fat, Flammable
Substances, Detergents and Phenols etc. cause nuisance in Treatment Plants.
29
Table. Comparative Strengths of Wastewaters from Industry
30
Industrial Water Pollution Control

• The Purpose of industrial water pollution control should be
• (1) to protect the assimilative capacity of surface waters
• (2) to protect shellfish, finfish and wildlife
• (3) to preserve or restore the aesthetic and recreational value of surface waters
• (4) to protect humans from adverse water quality conditions.
• The selection and design of treatment facilities is
based on a study of
• the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the wastewater
• the quality that must be maintained in the environment to which the wastewater is
to be discharged or for the reuse of the wastewater
• the applicable environmental standards or discharge requirements that must be met
31
Industrial Water Pollution Control

• Waste Reduction
• Volume Reduction
• Strength Reduction
• Treatment and Disposal
• Physical Treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Biological Treatment
32
Waste Reduction Alternatives

• Volume Reduction
• In general, the first step in minimizing the effects of Industrial Wastes on
receiving Streams and Treatment Plants is to reduce the Volume of such
Wastes.
This may be accomplished by:
1.Classification of wastes
2.Conservation of waste water
3.Changing production to decrease wastes
4.Re-using both industrial and municipal effluents as raw water supplies
5.Elimination of batch or slug discharges of process wastes.
33
Waste Reduction Alternatives

Strength Reduction
Waste Strength reduction is the second major objective for an industrial
plant concerned with
waste treatment. The strength of wastes may be reduced by
Process Changes
2.Equipment Modifications
3.Segregation of Wastes
4.Equilization of Wastes
5.By-Product Recovery
6.Proportioning of Wastes and
7.Monitoring Waste Streams
34
Treatment Technologies
Physical Chemical Treatment Biological Treatment
Treatment
• Screening • Chemical Coagulation • Aerobic treatment
• Primary • Chemical Precipitation • Activated Sludge process
Sedimentation • Chemical Oxidation • Trickling Filter
• Flotation • Chemical Neutralization • Rotating Biological
• Disinfection Contactor
• SBR
• Anaerobic treatment
• Anaerobic Contact Process
• UASB
• Anaerobic Baffle Reactor
• Anaerobic Filter
35
Figure: Degrees of Wastewater Treatment

Tertiary treatment
Secondary treatment
Primary treatment
Pretreatment
Tertiary
Biolo
Bar Grid Equaliza wastewa
Wastew Primary gical Secondary Receivin
Chamb tion ter
ater Rack Settling Treat Settling g body
er Basin treatme
ment
nt
36
Wastewater Treatment flow diagram
37
Origin, Characteristics and treatment of Industrial wastewater

Industries
Sr. Major Major Treatment and Disposal
producing Origin of major wastes
no. characteristics methods
wastes
High total solids, Hardness,
Unhairing, Soaking,
Salt,Sulfides, chromium, Equalization,
1. Tannery Delining,
pH, B.O.D and Sedimentation, Biological treatment
Bating of hides
Precipitated lime
Highly alkaline, coloured, Neutralization, chemical
Cooking of fibres, high B.O.D, High precipitation,Biological Treatment,
2. Textiles
desizing of fabric. Suspended solids and Aeration and
Temperature. /or trickling filter.
High in Dissolved
Dilution of Biological Treatment, Aeration,
Organic matter
3. Dairy Milk,Separated milk, Trickling-Filters
mainly protein, Fat
buttermilk. and Activated sludge process.
and lactose
Steeping and Pressing of
High dissolved Organic
Grain, residue from Recovery,Concentration By
solids,Containing Nitrogen
4. Distilleries Distilleries of alcohol, Centrifugation and Evaporation,
and Fermented
Condensate from Stillage Trickling filterUse in feeds.
Starches.
Evaporation.
38
Sr. Industries
Major Major Treatment and Disposal
no producing Origin of major wastes
characteristics methods
. wastes
Stockyards, Slaughtering
High in dissolved and
of Animals, Rendering of
suspended organic Screening,settling and/or
5. Meat Bones and fats, Residues in
matter, blood other floatation,Trickling filter.
condensates,Grease and
Proteins and fats.
Wash water, Pickling of chicken
Transfer, screening, juicing waters,

High in dissolved
drainage from lime sludge,
suspended organic Re- use of wastes, coagulation,
6. Beet sugar Condensates. After
matter, containing Lagooning.
evaporation, juice and
sugar and protein.
extracted sugar.
High B.O.D,Total and

Soaking,cooking and
7. Rice suspended Lime coagulation digestion.
washing of ice.
Solids (mainlyStarch)
Spillage from extraction, Variable pHSoluble

Neutralization,Recirculation,che
Cane clarification evaporation organic matter with
8. mical
sugar entrainment in cooling and high B.O.D of
treatment,Aerobic oxidation.
condensed waters. carbonaceous nature.
39

Industries
wastes
High or low pH,

Cooking,Refining,washing colour,high Settling,Lagooning,Biological
Paper and
9. of FibresScreening of suspended,Colloidal treatment,Aeration,Recovery of by
pulp
paper pulp. and dissolved solids products.
inorganic filters.
Low pH,acids,
Coking of coal,Washing phenol,ore, coke,
Neutralization, recovery and reuse,
10. Steel of blast furnace flue gases limestone,alkali,
chemical coagulation.
and pickling of steel. oils,Fine suspended
solids.
Alkaline chlorination of cyanide,

Stripping of oxides, Acid, metals,Toxic
Metal reduction and precipitation of
11. cleaning and plating of low volume mainly
plating chromium,Lime precipitation of other
metals. mineral water.
metals.
40

Industries
wastes
Drillingmud,salt, oil and High suspendedsolids

Selective screening,Drying of
some natural gas, (sand,clay), high dissolved
Petroleum reclaimed sand, diversion, recovery,
12. Acid sludge's and solids, high B.O.D, odour,
refineries injection of salts,Acidification and
miscellaneous oils from phenol& sulfur Compounds
burning of alkaline sludge.
refining. from refinery.
Processing ores,Processing of
Atomic fuel,laundering of Radioactive elements
Concentration and containing or
13. energy contaminated clothes, can be very acidic and
dilution and dispersion.
plants Research Lab wastes, power hot.
plant cooling water.
Chemical reactions of Sulfuric, phosphorous Neutralization, detaining for Re-use,

14. Fertilizer
basic elements,Spills, and nitric acids, sedimentation, Air stripping of NH3,
41
National Environmental Quality (Emission) guidelines for some industries
Textile Manufacturing Printing
42
National Environmental Quality (Emission) guidelines for some industries

Dairy Processing Food and Beverages Processing
43
Sludge treatment
• Thickening
• Stabilization
• Conditioning
• Dewatering
• Reduction
44
References:
• National Environmental Quality (Emission) Guidelines MOECAF ,
Myanmar, 2015
• Lecture notes on industrial wastewater treatment, SRINIVAS ANGADI,
Asst. Professor in Civil Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering,
Dundigal, Hyderabad.
• Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Mackenzie L. Davis and
David A. Cornwell, 5th edition
• Industrial Water Pollution Control , 3rd edition, W.Weaiey Eckenfelder, Jr.
McGraw-Hill, 2000
45
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Environmental Management System

A Training Program for Industrial Pollution Control

Industrial Water Pollution

Why water is polluted?

Water Pollutants and Their Sources

Toxic Metals and Toxic Organic Compounds

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

• The possible effects of heat on fish may be summarised here:

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

Table. Comparative Strengths of Wastewaters from Industry

Industrial Water Pollution Control

Industrial Water Pollution Control

Waste Reduction Alternatives

Waste Reduction Alternatives

Figure: Degrees of Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Treatment flow diagram

Origin, Characteristics and treatment of Industrial wastewater

Transfer, screening, juicing waters,

High B.O.D,Total and

Spillage from extraction, Variable pHSoluble

Origin, Characteristics and treatment of Industrial wastewater

High or low pH,

Alkaline chlorination of cyanide,

Origin, Characteristics and treatment of Industrial wastewater

Drillingmud,salt, oil and High suspendedsolids

Chemical reactions of Sulfuric, phosphorous Neutralization, detaining for Re-use,

National Environmental Quality (Emission) guidelines for some industries

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