O N 3

CHAP T E

N
R 3

T E L E
LESS

C L IE
A N D C E S
D I E N
AU CIAL
IN K S O
W O R
 WORKING
WITH
INDIVIDUALS
In casework, the individual is the principal client and efforts of
helping are focused on him/her
(client or person-centered).

A person is a “biopsychosocial being" which s/he is made up

of three subsystems - physical, psychological, and social.
The worker needs to acquire knowledge of human behavior,
responses ,methods. S/He must understand that the person's
behavior is a manifestation of his own adaptation to his/her
condition.

The assessment of a person's strengths and defenses are

essential in helping the client as it provides insights on how the
client may be helped
MODES OF
ADAPTATION
1. FIGHT
Physical or verbal projection of feeling towards others

2. FLIGHT
Physically moving away from problems

3. PAIRING
entry to a relationship with another person who is stronger, stable
and has the capacity to provide help
CLIENTS WHO MAY NEED
SOCIAL WORK SERVICES
1. Children (abandoned, in conflict with the law or seriously ill)
2. Out-of-school Youth
3. Socially Disadvantaged Women
4. Solo Parents
5. Persons with Disabilities and Elderly
6. Indigenous Peoples
7. Internally Displaced Persons
8. Survivors of Natural Calamities and Disasters
 Voluntary or Walk-in Clients
clients who opted to voluntarily seek services of
assistance due to a difficulty or a problem

Involuntary or Reach-out Clients

TYPOLOGY Clients who may not consider getting help as they
consider their situation as normal and will somehow
OF CLIENTS survive

Referred Clients
Clients assisted by other related organizations
De Guzman (1992)

RELATIONSHIP
FACTORS
Transference
a client responds to and relates to a worker unconsciously in
manner similar to clients' previous relationships

Counter-Transference
a worker unconsciously projects previously experienced
feelings onto a client

Reality
realistic and objective perception of existing conditions
De Guzman (1992)

ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
OF THE CLIENT-WORKER RELATIONSHIP

Acceptance Nonjudge- Individ- Purposeful

mental ualization Expression
Attitude of Feelings
De Guzman (1992)

ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
OF THE CLIENT-WORKER RELATIONSHIP

Controlled Confidentiality Self-

Emotional determination
Environment
WORKING WITH
GROUPS AND
ORGANIZATION
S
Social group work as a process and method is rooted
on the sociological concept that person is a social
being who has inclination and need to associate with
other human begins

A group can be utilized as a: target for change ,

medium for change and as an agent of change
PURPOSES OF SOCIAL GROUP
WORK
Provide Help individuals in
Enhance social experiences that groups to take
adjustment of the give individuals a responsibility for Provide
individual and chance to create, their behavior and opportunities for
develop social share and express become planned group
consciousness themselves participating exercises
members of society
 PRINCIPLES
Trecker (1965)

PLANNED GROUP
FORMATION
possess conscious design and  SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
potential for social growth of its
objectives must effectively meet needs
members
and concerns of the group

PURPOSEFUL WORKER- CONTINUOUS

GROUP RELATIONSHIP INDIVIDUALIZATION
established acceptance between understand and accept subgroups and
group members individuals to meet varying levels of
need of members
 PRINCIPLES
Trecker (1965)

GUIDED GROUP
INTERACTION
DEMOCRATIC SELF-
harnessing, direction, and conscious
utilization of the natural process of
DETERMINATION
social interaction right to make choices and capacity to
make decisions

FLEXIBLE FUNCTIONAL PROGRESSIVE

ORGANIZATION PROGRAM
flexibility in formal organizations to be
need to engage in program experiences
EXPERIENCES
adaptive in any changes 
to evolve developing competence
 GROWTH GROUP
dominant goal is personal growth of the participants
in all aspects
TYPOLOGY
TREATMENT GROUP
OF GROUPS help solve individual problems and appropriately
AND THEIR respond to problems/needs

GOALS SOCIAL GROUP

Miclat (1995)
provide opportunities for social relationships
 INTEREST GROUP
answer unmet interests/needs of the group members
TYPOLOGY through appropriate program of activities and
services
OF GROUPS
AND THEIR PLAY/RECREATION GROUP
provide pleasurable activities through games,
GOALS dances and other leisure-time activities
Miclat (1995)
 WORKING
WITH
COMMUNITIES
A Community is a group of people gathered together in
a geographical area, large or small who have common
interests.

There are two concepts of community developed by

Roland Warren:
• A geographic community are people in a specific
geographic area
• A functional community is composed of people with
common values, functions and interests.
 FOCUS OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS

removal of blocks release of development of

of growth potentialities of capacities to lead,
individuals, groups to manage and
and communities function in
assigned roles
 FOCUS OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS

develop ability of s t re n g t h e n p e o p l e ' s full use of inner

different sectors to capacity for indigenous
function as an problem-solving, resources before
integrated whole decision making and tapping external
cooperation re s o u rc e s
 PURPOSE OF
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS

1. TO SOLVE CERTAIN
PROBLEMS AND MEET
NEEDS
 2. TO ACHIEVE SELECTED
SOCIAL GOALS

3. TO STRENGTHEN THE
PEOPLE'S CAPACITY IN DEALING
WITH THEIR PROBLEMS, NEEDS
AND ASPIRATIONS
 REFERENCES
Sampa. E, Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied
Social Sciences (2017). Rex Book Store.

Dela Cruz, A. et. Al., Disciplines and Ideas in the

Applied Social Sciences (2018). Phoenix Publishing
House.