LIFE and WORKS Of RIZAL

Learning Outcomes
• Define nationalism in relation to the concepts of
nation, state, and nation-state
• Appraise the development of nationalism in the
country; and
• Explain the relevance of nationalism and nation-
building at present.
Chapter 2:
Nation and Nationalism
Instruction: Interpret the sentiments brought about the
lines from the popular historical movie Heneral Luna. Write
your interpretation in the spaces provided below the photo.
Nation, State, Nation-State

NATION NATION-STATE STATE

 
A group of people
that shares a
 
common culture,  
A political entity that wields
history, language, A state governing
sovereignty over a defined
and other practices nation
territory
like religion, affinity
to a place, etc.
 
Nation and Nationalism

- As mentioned, one major component of the nation-state is the

nation. This concept assumes that there is a bond that connects a
group of people together to form a community. The origin of the nation,
and concomitantly nationalism, has been a subject of debates among
social scientists and scholars. In this section,three theories about the
roots of the nation will be presented.

• Primordialism
-This theory argues that a national identity has always
existed and nations have “ethnic cores”. This traces the
root of the nation and national identity to existing and deep-
rooted features of a group of people like race, language,
religion, and others.
 
• Modernity
- This second theory states that nation, national identity, and
nationalism are products of modern condition and are shaped by
modernity. This line of thinking suggests that nationalism and national
identity are necessary products of social structure and culture brought
about by the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, secularization,
urbanization, and bureaucratization.

Constructivist Approach
-The third theory – a very influential explanation- about a nation and nationalism
maintains that these id7eas are discursive. It is an approach to understanding nationalism,
this view maintains that nationalism is socially constructed and imagined by people who
identify with a group. Benedict Anderson argues that nations are “imagined communities”
(2003). With this imagined community comes a “deep, horizontal comradeship” that maintains
harmonious co-existence and even fuels the willingness of the people to fight and die for that
nation.
Nation and Bayan
-In the Philippines, many argue that the project of
nation-building is a continuing struggle up to the
present. Considering the country’s history, historians
posit that the nineteenth century brought tremendous
change in the lives of the Filipinos, including the actual
articulations of nation and nationhood that culminated
in the first anti-colonial revolution in Asia led by Andres
Bonifacio and the Katipuneros.
ACTIVITY 1

CONCEPT MAP
ASSIGNMENT IN SCHOOLOGY
SUMMARY:

As stated in the first chapter, the imperative of instilling

nationalism in the minds of the youth was a major factor
behind the passage of the Rizal Law. To have a basic grasp
of nationalism, the concepts of nation, state, and nation-
state must be examined. This chapter explained the
differences between the 3. It then tackled the various ways
by which social scientists made sense of the concepts of
nation, nationalism, their origins and development.
Discussed were the primordialist, modernist, and social
constructionist approaches as lenses in which nationalism
could be viewed.
Chapter 3: Remembering Rizal
 Rizal’s execution on December 30, 1896 became an
important turning point in the history of Philippine revolution.
His death activated full-scale revolution that resulted in the
declaration of Philippine independence by 1898.

 Under the American colonial government, Rizal was

considered as one of the most important Filipino heroes of the
revolution and was even declared as the National Hero by the
Taft Commission, also called as the Philippine Commission of
1901.

 A rizal monument was built in every town and December 30

was declared as national holiday to commemorate his death
and heroism. In some provinces, men- most of whom were
professionals-organized and became members of Caballeros of
Rizal, known as the Knights of Rizal.
 Influenced by both the Roman Catholic Church and the
prehispanic spiritual culture, some Filipino masses likewise
founded organizations that recognize Rizal not just as an
important hero but also their savior from all the social ills that
plague the country.

 These groups, which can be linked to the long history of

millenarian movements in the country, are widely known as
Rizalistas. These organizations believe that Rizal has a Latin
name of Jove Rex Al, which literally means “God, King of All”.

 This chapter will discuss the history and teachings of selected

Rizalista groups founded after Rizal’s execution.
SEATWORK ACTIVITY
ASSGNMENT IN SCHOOLOGY
CHAPTER 4: The Life of Jose
Rizal
• A biography narrates how a person has lived during a
certain period of time. It presents not only the life of an
individual and how she/he has influenced the society but
also how an individual and his/her ideas have been
shaped by historical events. Jose Rizal lived in the
nineteenth century, a period in Philippine history where
changes in public consciousness were already being felt
and progressive ideas were being realized. Studying
Rizal’s biography, therefore, will lead to a better
understanding of how Rizal devoted his life in shaping
the Filipino character. This chapter will cover Rizal’s life
and how he became an important hero of the
Philippines.
FAMILY TREE OF JOSE RIZAL
FUN FACTS ABOUT RIZAL:
He was a polyglot. He was fluent in 22
languages: Hebrew, Filipino, Ilokano,
Bisayan, Subanon, Chinese, Latin,
Spanish, Greek, English, French,
German, Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, Dutch,
Japanese, Catalan, Italian, Portuguese,
Swedish and Russian. He was also a
polymath, a man of many professions.
 PARENTS:
Mother:
THEODORA ALONSO REALONDA- She was known for being a
disciplinarian as well as a dedicated, courteous and hard- working
mother. As the young Rizal's first teacher, she had a profound
influence on his development and was his inspiration in taking up
medicine. Teodora was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and
Brijida de Quintos.

Father:
FRANCISCO MERCADO- He was described by Rafael Palma:
"He was 40, of solid shoulders, strong constitution, rather tall than
short, of serious and reflective mien, with prominent forehead and
large dark eyes. A pure Filipino.
 SIBLINGS:

The only brother of Jose Rizal was Paciano

Rizal and was the second child. Paciano studied at
the San Jose College in Manila and worked as a
farmer and later as a general of the Philippine
Revolution. The other sisters of Jose Rizal were
Narcisa,Saturnina,Olympia, Lucia, Maria,
Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad and Soledad.
• Jose Rizal’s family, childhood and early education, Rizal being a student in
Manila, Rizal in Europe, Rizal’s second trip to Europe, Rizal’s Exile in Dapitan,
and Rizal’s trial and Execution.

How became Rizal being a student in manila:

- The first school he was attended was in Ateneo in 1872-1873
• Father Jose Bech- was the Rizal First professor in Ateneo whom he described
as a “tall thin man, with a body slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an ascetic
face, severe and inspired, small deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was
almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell toward the chin.
• A religious picture-Rizal’s first price for being the brightest pupil in the whole
class
• to improve the Spanish. Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College
during the noon recesses. He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish
Lessons
• at the end of the school year in March, 1873. Rizal returned to Calamba for
summer vacation.
• when the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year
term in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at No.6 Magallanes
Street. His landlady was an old widow named Dona Pepay.
Second year in Ateneo (1873-1874)
• At the end of the School year, Rizal received excellent grades
in all subjects and a gold medal.
• The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas- the first
favorite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on him.
• Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal persuade his
father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great
aid in his studies.
• Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-traveler who visited
the Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the
Philippines.
• Rizal was impressed in this book because of (1) Jagor’s keen
observations of the defects of the Spanish Colonization (2)
his prophecy that someday spain would lose the Philippiness
and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer.
THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)
• Rizal grades remained excellent in all subjects but he won only
one medal in Latin.
• At the end of the school year (March 1875), Rizal returned to
Calamba for the summer vacation. He himself was not
impressed by his scholastic work.

FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO

• June 16, 1875- Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo
• Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great educator and
scholar, one of Rizal’s professor who inspired him to study
harder and to write poetry .
• Rizal described this jesuit professor as “ model of uprightness,
earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils”.
• Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five
medals at the end of the school term
• How was Rizal’s being in Europe:
First visit to Paris
• during his summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris, gay
capital of France- The prices of Food, drinks, theatre,
tickets,laundry, hotel accomodations and transportation were too
high for Rizal’s slenders purse so that he commented in a letter to
his family.
• Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.
• June 17 to August 20 1883- Rizal sojourn in Paris.
• Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason openly and
freely criticized the government policies and lambasted the friars,
which could not be done in Philippines
• March 1883- joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid
• Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to secure Freemansory’s
aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines
• February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the diploma as Master
Mason by Le Grand Orient de France
• due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in
Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they never
arrived.
• June 24, 1884- a touching incident in Rizal’s life in Madrid wherein
he was broke and was unable to take breakfast.
• Rizal attended his class at the university, participated in the contest
in Greek language and won the gold medal
• Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was sponsored by the Filipino
community to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the
National Exposition of Fine Arts in Mdrid-Luna’s Spoliarium winning
the First Prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace
• November 20,21 and 22, 1884- the serene city of Madrid exploded
in bloody riots by the students of the Central University
• These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr.
Miguel Morayta, professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of
the academic year on November 20, in which he proclaimed “ the
freedom of science and the teacher”
• How was Rizal second trip in Europe:
 Rizal went to Paris and German in order to specialized in opthalmology
 Rizal chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother’s
eye ailment
 Maximo Viola- a medical students and a member of a rich family of San
Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal’s friend.
 Senior Eusebio Corominas- editor of the news paper La Publicidad and
made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La Publicidad and a
starman
 Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article on the Crolines Question, then a
controversial issue for publication.
 Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading French opthalmologist wherein
Rizal worked as an assistant from November 1885 to Feb. 1886.
 Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl, who has engaged to Juan Luna
 At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy hours. Rizal helped Luna by
posing as model in several paintings
 In Luna’s canvas “ The Death of Cleopatra”
Rizal’s Exile in Dapitan:
 From July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896 – a period of four years and 13
days –Jose Rizal lived the life of a political exile in Dapitan, the
northern Mindanao which today is part of the province of
Zamboanga del Norte, near Dipolog.
 A busy life in exile. The authorities did not demand total control over
Rizal’s activities while he was in exile. Although his political rights
were denied him, he was essentially free to do what he pleased to
undertake in the place of his exile in Dapitan.
 Rizal had to be in good political behavior by reporting to his military
supervisor regularly. Otherwise, he was on his own. In general,
Rizal developed a congenial relationship with the symbol of his
political impotence, the military commander to whom he reported.
 A learned and inquisitive mind could not be kept in cold storage for
long. Given the learning and superior knowledge that Jose Rizal
earned in his studies and experience from his apprenticeships and
his travels, there were always ways to put his knowledge to good
use, to personally survive as well as to help the community in which
he lived.

 Rizal tried his artistic skills to make sketches of Philippine fish and
other fauna and collected some specimens of these for German
scholars in an effort to secure equipment and books for his use in
Dapitan. This endeavor succeeded momentarily, but was hampered
by distance and supply logistics.

 Exile and imprisonment ended in execution. His Dapitan exile was

to end in exchange for transfer as military doctor in Cuba. He was
on board ship when the 1896 Revolution outbreak took place, and
so was sent instead to Barcelona, Spain for imprisonment.
Eventually, he was returned to Manila for trial and later execution in
that year.
Rizal’s trial and Execution:
The spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three crimes:
(a) The founding of La Liga Filipina, an “illegal organization”
Whose single aim was to “Perpetrate the crime of rebellion”.
(b) Rebellion which he promoted through his previous activities.
(c)ILLegal association
 The penalty for for those accusation is life imprisonment to death
 And correctional imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 3,250
Pesetas.
 Pena’s recommendations were as follows:
 - Rizal must be immediately sent to trial
 ·He must be held in prison under necessary security
 · His properties must be issued with order of attachment
 And as indemnity,Rizal had to pay one million pesos
 ·Instead of a civilian lawyer,only an army officer is allowed
To defend Rizal.
The lawyer of Rizal is Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade Brother of Lt. Jose
Traviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal’s personal body guard in
Calamba in 1887.In the presence of his Spanish Counsel on December
11, 1896, charges against Rizal were read in the presence of his Spanish
counsel.
When they asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges,

The Execution Of Dr.Jose Rizal

 Despite all valid pleadings the military court,vindictive as it was
Unanimous voted for the sentence of death. Polavieja affirmed
The decision of the court martial and ordered to be shot at
7:00 in the morning of December 30 1896 at Bagumbayan field.
Rizal was heavily guarded and was accompanied by the Jesuits as
He walked from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan.
 He wore a black woolen suit and a derby hat and his arms were tied
behind him. During the walked, he recalled his youth and his student days
At the Ateneo. And in Bagumbayan itself, the Spanish troops held
Back the crowd while the artillery group stood on alert to prevent any
attempt to rescue Rizal.
 His brother Paciano who had joined the Revolution forces was said
to have discouraged groups who might Want to save Rizal since
thay would not be able to match Spanish Firepower. The captain in
charge of the execution instructed RizalWere to position himself, to
turn his back against the squad and the Face the sea.
 They found out that the body was never placed in a coffin, nor even
 Wrapped by anything. Rizal’s family had possession of the body the
remains were instituted at the base of the Rizal monument which
was
 erected at the center of the Luneta.