Earthquake and Tsunami Risk

Reduction
Natural Hazards Setting of the Philippines
The geographical and
geological setting of
the Philippines (part
of Pacific Ring of Fire
West
Philippine Philippine and Earthquake Belt)
Sea
Sea make it prone to
various hazards,
Sulu
Sea
including:
Celebes
Sea •typhoon/rain-related
• landslides
•volcano-related
•earthquake-related
•tsunami
 Natural phenomena that pose potential threat or cause negative
impact to man and property
GEOLOGICAL HYDRO-
METEOROLOGICAL

Earthquakes Typhoons
Volcanic eruptions Strong wind
Landslides/ Storm surge
mudflows Floods
Tsunamis Landslides/Mudflows
Others (sink holes, Drought
ground subsidence, Extreme temperatures
erosion) Sea level change
Salt-water intrusion
Earthquake occurrences are not dispersed but
concentrated along narrow zones

Philippines
 Seismicity of
the Philippines
Magnitude 4 or greater

~ about 20
earthquakes recorded
per day

~ 200 felt
earthquakes
per year

~90 destructive
earthquakes for past
400 years
Data sources:
NEIC for recent earthquakes (1897-2002)
Bautista and Oike for historical earthquakes
(1608-1896)
1. Tectonic 2. Volcanic
- earthquakes produced - earthquakes produced
by sudden movement along by movement of magma
faults and trenches beneath volcanoes
Generation of earthquakes
 NORMAL
BEFORE FAULTING

REVERSE or THRUST

STRIKE-SLIP
GROUND SHAKING
INTENSITIES
DURING THE
16 JULY 1990
LUZON
EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude 7.2 Earthquake in Bohol & Cebu, October
15, 2013
Earthquake - related
Hazards
Thrust Fault Strike-Slip Fault

Pilapils (rice paddy dikes) in Imugan, Nueva

Vizcaya displaced left-laterally by the ground
Track & field in China rupture of the 1990 Northern Luzon Earthquake.
 North Bohol Fault
Blind fault in New
Brgy.Anonang Buenavista
To Brgy Napo, Inabangan,
Bohol, 6kms
 Aerial view of Bohol after
Church of San Pedro tower
October 15, 2013 Loboc, Bohol

City Hall of Tagbilaran City after the

Magnitude 7.2 October
Loboc church in Bohol after Our Lady of Light church Loon Bohol
an earthquake October 17, 2013
Luzon 1990 Fault Rupture Masbate 2003 Ground Rupture
 A buckled section of National Highway 5 in Capintalan,
Nueva Ecija after being transected by the ground rupture
of the 1990 Northern Luzon Earthquake.
1994 Mindoro Earthquake 2013 North Bohol Fault
ground rupture Sinkhole
 2013 Earthquake 2013 Earthquake Cebu & Bohol
Gaisano Mall in Cebu
 1994 Oriental Mindoro 2013 Bohol Earthquake,
Earthquake, Calapan City
 ground rupture
Village in Anonang
Inabangga town,
Bohol

Guatemala
 Summer Bay Resort
Oklahoma City Clermont Florida Aug
Sept. 5, 2012 12, 2013
 Woodhill Apartment Ligthouse reef system Woodhill Apartment
Orlando,USA Taichung, Taiwan 1999
karst eroded sink hole Orlando,USA, 2002

Toledo, Ohio, July 2013 Guangzhou, Guandong Feb. 6, 2013, Brgy

New York USA, 2006
Province China, 28 Jan. Cambuang Negros 6.9 mag
2013
1. Magnitude
A measure of the total energy
released at the earthquake’s
point of origin (below earth’s
surface) based on information
derived from a seismograph
(Reported in Arabic numerals
ex. 6.3, 7.5)
2. Intensity
Perceived strength of an
earthquake based on relative
effect to people and
structures (on the earth’s
surface); generally higher
near the epicenter (Reported
as Roman numerals ex. VII, X)
Recent examples of devastating earthquakes in Asia
1990, Luzon, Philippines M7.8 1,280 dead
1990, western Iran M7.7 40,000 dead
1991, northern India M7.0 2,000 dead
1992, Flores, Indonesia M7.5 2,500 dead (with tsunami)
1993, India M6.2 9,748 dead
1995, Kobe, Japan M6.9 5,502 dead
1997, Northern Iran M7.5 1,560 dead 4,460 injured
1998, Afghanistan M6.1 2,323 dead
1998, Afghanistan M6.9 4,000 dead
1999, Izmit, Turkey M7.6 17,118 dead 50,000 injured
1999, Taiwan M7.7 2,297 dead 8,700 injured
2001, Bhuj, India M7.7 20,023 dead 167,000 injured
2003, Bam, Iran M6.6 26,200 dead 30,000 injured
2004, Sumatra, Indonesia M9.0 283,000 dead (with tsunami)
2005, Pakistan M7.6 80,361 dead
2006, Java, Indonesia M6.3 ~ 5,800 dead
2008, Sichuan, China M7.9 87,000 dead
2009, Sumatra Indonesia M7.6 1.115 dead (with tsunami)
2011, Japan M9.0 15,894 dead 3,203 missing with tsunami
Earthquake threat is high in populated or commercialized/industrialized cities
The 12 May 2008 China Earthquake
 The 12 May 2008 China Earthquake

Beichuan County: Building Collapse and Landslides

 The 12 May 2008 China Earthquake

About 19,000
students died
September 30, 2009 Sumatra earthquake
September 30, 2009 Sumatra earthquake
 2010 Haiti earthquake

January 12, 2010

Time: 16:53
Magnitude: 7.0
Tsunami: Local
No. of aftershocks: 52,
14 of which is 5.0 – 5.9
Casualties: 150,000
Confirmed
 2010 Chile earthquake

Maule Region
Date: February 27, 2009
Time: 03:34 AM
Magnitude: 8.8
Tsunami: Local (1.7 M)
No. of aftershocks: 121
(8 of which is > 6.0)
Casualties: 795
Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines
Earthquake Hazards
Ground shaking

Ground rupture

Liquefaction

Tsunami

Landslides

Fire
 Fault
Fault Fault

Fault

MITIGATION MEASURE:
No construction of houses,
schools and other buildings
on top of an active fault;
buffer zone of at least 5
meters away from the fault
trace

Fault
Earthquake
Generators in the
Philippines:
Active Faults and
Trenches

An ACTIVE
FAULT is defined as a
fault, which has moved
within the last 10,000
years.
Ground Rupture
Ground Shaking
Ground Shaking Effects
Ground Shaking Intensity
Distribution
for Metro Manila and
Surrounding in case of
M7.2 from West Valley
Fault
(Using REDAS Software)
(PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale – PEIS)
 Liquefaction and Its Effects
is a process where
particles of
loosely
consolidated and
water-saturated
deposits of sand
are rearranged
into more compact
Sand Boil
state, squeezing
water and
sediments towards
the surface in the
form of sand
fountain and
creating a
condition
resembling
“quick sand”.
Subsidence Lateral spreading/fissuring
 Areas prone to liquefaction

Localities prone to liquefaction are:

a) water-saturated (shallow water table), low-lying

b) Have loose (unconsolidated), sandy or silty

deposits

• river banks, abandoned rivers, flood plains

• coastlines
• swamps
Liquefaction
Prone Areas
Active Faults and
Liquefaction
Prone Areas in
Region IV-B
 Earthquake-triggered Landslide

• Typically during or right after earthquake

• Need immediate reaction away from landslide prone area
Landslide 
Guinsaugon Landslide: 2006
Places prone to
earthquake-induced
landslides are also prone
to rain-induced landslides