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(also can be shown explicitly using the variational form of Hamilton’s Principle) Lagrange’s Equations
become:
(L/qj) - (d/dt)[L/qj] + ∑kλk(t)(fk/qj) = 0 (B)
λk(t) Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers
We could also have added a term (fk/t)dt to (A) & still have gotten (B).
Summary
• Lagrange’s Equations with constraints:
• Just as the generalized coordinates qj do not necessarily have units of length, the corresponding
generalized forces Qj do not necessarily have units of force! We’ll see this in the examples!
Example 7.9
• A disk, radius R, rolls without slipping down an inclined plane (total length ) as
shown. Find the equations of motion, the force of constraint, & the angular
acceleration.
• Note: The generalized coordinates y & θ are not independent.
They are related by y = Rθ.
The constraint equation is
f(y,θ) = y - Rθ = 0
This is equivalent to the
differential versions:
(f/y) = 1; (f/θ) = -R
Example 7.10
• A particle of mass m starts from rest on top of
smooth hemisphere of radius a (figure). Find the
force of constraint & determine the angle at which m
leaves hemisphere.
The equation of constraint is:
Summary
• Lagrange’s Equations with constraints:
(L/qj) - (d/dt)[L/qj] + ∑kλk(t)(fk/qj) = 0 (C)
• The usefulness of Lagrange Eqtns with undetermined multipliers:
– The Lagrange multipliers λk(t) can be used to obtain the forces of constraint. These are often
needed. Get λk(t) as part of the solution to the equations of motion.
– When a proper set of generalized coordinates is not wanted or is too difficult to get, we can use
this method to increase the number of generalized coordinates by including the constraints
explicitly in the equations of motion.
Assignment