CSC 3371 COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKS
DR. Fouad Mohammed ABBOU
PROFESSOR

School of Science & Engineering

Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane
f.abbou@aui.ma
LECTURE 6
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Lectures Overview
3

Application HTTP, DNS and SMTP

End-to-end Data Flow and Error Control, and Congestion
Transport management
Network IP addressing, Routing and Packet delivery, and WAN Tech.
Access control protocols
Datalink Data Flow and Error Control, and LAN Tech.
Physical Encoding techniques: Amplitude Modulation + Digital Mod.
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Lecture 6: Transmission Media

4

Objectives:
 After completion of this lecture, the students
will be able to explain and describe:
 Signal transmission Considerations
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Transmission Media
 Transmission Modes
 Network Topologies
 Network Design Considerations and Performance
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Signal transmission Considerations

Electromagnetic
Spectrum
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Twisted Pair – Transmission Characteristics

 Analog
 needs amplifiers every 5 km to 6 km
 Digital
 needs a repeater every 2-3km
 Limited distance (Ethernet max
100m) Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
 Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
 Susceptible to interference and
noise

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)

CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics

 A copper wire surrounded by an

insulator and enclosed by a shield
layers of braided copper mesh
 Analog
 amplifiers every few km
 The usable spectrum extends to about
500 MHz
 Digital
 repeater every 1km
 closer spacing for higher data rates
 performance limited by attenuation &
noise
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Optical Fiber
 Analog
 Greater capacity
 data rates of hundreds of Gbps
 smaller size & weight
 electromagnetic isolation
 lower attenuation
 greater amplifier spacing
 uses total internal reflection to transmit light
 effectively acts as wave guide for 1014 to
1015 Hz
 can use several different light sources
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
 cheaper, wider operating temp
range
 Laser Diode (LD)
 more efficient, has greater data rate
 CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

The Atmosphere
Atmosphere composition in
the dry air components:
Nitrogen N2 78.08%
Oxygen O2 20.93 %
Argon Ar 0.93 %

The three gases form 99.94 %

of the entire atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide CO2 :0.0407%.

Neom Ne : 0.0018%.
Helium He:0.00052%.
Methane CH4:0.00018%,
Nitrous Oxide N2O : 0.000032%.
Ozone O3: 0.000034%.
Water Vapor H2O 0.04 %
and 1 % at the surface

Chlorofluorocarbon CFC: carbon fluorine, and chlorine

molecules.
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

A Network

 is a collection of hardware and software

components that allow communication
between hosts (referred to as nodes) and
other devices
 Local-area network (LAN)
 A network that connects a small number of devices in a
small geographical area
 Wide-area network (WAN)
 A network that connects two or more networks over a
large geographic area
 Metropolitan-area network (MAN)
 A network that spans an entire city
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Transmission Modes
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Types of Connections
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Network Topologies

 The bus topology:

Involves a main backbone cable
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology
Each device is connected
to two devices on either Each device is
side of it connected to every
other device Using a
dedicated point-to-
point link

 Star topology:
Each device in the network is
connected to a central device
called hub
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Network Design Considerations

15

 Meeting the capacity

 Minimizing the operational cost of the network
 Quality of Service
 Reliability
 Security
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Network Design Performance

16

 The performance of a network depends on

 Type of transmission medium and topology
 The capacities of the connected hardware
 The efficiency of the software
 Number of users
 Performance is often evaluated using:
 BER
 Loss due physical degradation and dispersion
 Delay
 Transit time and Response time
 Throughput
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Network Design Parameters

Processing: Queueing
– check data for errors – time waiting at output
link for transmission
– determine output link
– depends on congestion
level of a router

Packet Network
transmission
propagation
A B
tc tq

processing queueing
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Network Design Parameters

Transmission delay: Propagation delay:

R=link data rate (bps) d = length of physical link
L=data length (bits) v = propagation speed in medium
time to send all bits into link propagation delay
ts =L/R tp = d/v

Packet Network
transmission
A propagation
B
CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

Network Design Parameters

Total delay follows as

  t c  t q  ts  t p
tc = tproc = processing delay
typically a few microsecs or less
tq = tqueue = queuing delay
depends on congestion
ts = ttrans = transmission delay
tp = tprop = propagation delay
a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs
CSC 3352: Computer Communications

Network Design Performance

CSC 3352: Computer Communications

Network Design Performance

CSC 3371 Computer Communications and Networks

NSF Network
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