BITS Pilani

Advanced Engineering
Mathematics
- Vectors
BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
Scope of this lecture

 Vectors in 2-Space
• Vectors in 3-Space
• Dot Product
• Cross Product
• Lines and Planes in 3-Space
• Vector Calculus

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 2-Space

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 2-Space

A scalar is a real number or quantity that has a magnitude, such as

length and temperature
A vector has both magnitude and direction and it can be
represented by a boldface symbol or a symbol under an arrow, v
or

Figure 07.1.1: Examples of vector quantities

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Vectors in 2-Space

Characteristics of vectors
– The vector has an initial point at A and a terminal point at B
– Equal vectors have the same magnitude and direction
– Vectors are free, meaning they can be moved from one
position to another provided magnitude and direction do not
change
– The negative of a vector has the same magnitude and
opposite direction

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 2-Space

Characteristics of vectors (cont’d.)

– If is a scalar, the scalar multiple of a vector is a
vector that is times as long as
– Two vectors are parallel if they are nonzero scalar
multiples of each other

Figure 07.1.3: Parallel vectors 6

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Addition and Subtraction of 2-space
vectors

Figure 07.1.4: Vector is the sum of and

Figure 07.1.5: Vector is the difference of and
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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 2-Space

• A vector is an ordered pair of real numbers where

and are the components of the vector
– Addition and subtraction of vectors, multiplication of
vectors by scalars, and so on, are defined in terms of
components

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 2-Space

• The component definition of a vector can be used to verify

the following properties of vectors

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 2-Space

• The magnitude, length, or norm of a vector a is denoted by

• A vector u with magnitude 1 is a unit vector

– is the normalization of a
– The unit vectors and are the standard
basis for two-dimensional vectors
where and are horizontal and vertical components
of a, respectively

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 3-Space

• In three dimensions, or 3-space, a rectangular coordinate

system is constructed with three mutually orthogonal axes

Figure 07.2.2: Rectangular coordinates in 3-space Figure 07.2.3: Octants

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 3-Space

• The distance between two points

• The coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment between

two points

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 3-Space

• A vector a in 3-space is any ordered triple of real numbers

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 3-Space

• Any vector can be expressed as a linear

combination of the unit vectors

Figure 07.2.8a: i, j, and k form a basis for R3

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 3-Space

Length of a is,

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vectors in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Dot Product

• The component of a on b

• The projection of a on b

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Dot Product

• In 2-space,
• In 3-space,

• Alternative form of the dot product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Dot Product

• Two vectors are orthogonal if

• The angle between two vectors is given by

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

DOT Product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cross Product

• Recall determinants

• The cross product of two vectors is given by

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cross Product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cross Product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cross Product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Cross Product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Cross Product

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Lines and Planes in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Lines and Planes in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Lines and Planes in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Lines and Planes in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Lines and Planes in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Lines and Planes in 3-Space

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Home work

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Vector Calculus
Vector Function (Motivation)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Vector and Scalar Field

x
Scalar field( e.g
Temperature)

Vector
x field( e.g
Velocity)
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Partial Derivatives

If the partial derivative with respect to x is

and with respect to y is

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Partial derivative example

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Level Curves

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Gradient

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Gradient

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Gradient

Notice Gradient vectors are perpendicular to

the level curves!!

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Directional Derivative

Gradient of a function is

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Directional Derivative line

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Directional Derivative line

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Directional Derivative

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Divergence of a Vector field

If is a differentiable vector function of cartesian coordinates, then

divergence of the vector function v, is defined by,

Ex: If

It signifies the outflow minus inflow of a physical quantity. If is the

velocity field, then means the flow is incompressible.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Divergence

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Curl

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Curl of a Vector field

If is a differentiable vector function of cartesian coordinates,

then curl of the vector function v, is defined by,

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Curl of a Vector field

Ex: If

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

The normal line to a surface at P is

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Tangent Plane and Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Normal Lines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956