Chapter 7: Muscles

Chapter 7: Muscles
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Overview
• The word muscle can refer to an organ or a tissue

• Muscles
– Make up 40-50% of body weight
– Can contract on conscious command
– Are responsible for movement

Functions of Muscles
• Muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical force:

– Move body parts
– Maintain body posture and stabilize joints
– Adjust the volume of hollow structure (e.g., bladder)
– Move substances within the body (e.g., pump blood)
– Produce heat

Three Types of Muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Other names Somatic Myocardial Visceral
Striated Yes Yes No
Contraction Quick Quick Slow
Yes; some
Voluntary involuntary No No
(reflexive)
Subject to
Yes No No
fatigue
Three Types of Muscle (cont’d)

Remember This!
• Adult muscle stem cells are called satellite cells;

they produce myoblasts, which fuse to form skeletal
muscle fibers.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Motor Units

Steps in Muscular Contraction
• An electrical signal in the somatic motor neuron

• A chemical signal (acetylcholine) in the synapse
• An electrical signal in the sarcolemma
• A chemical signal (calcium) in the sarcoplasm

Chemical Synapses

Myofibrils and Myofilaments

Myofibrils and Myofilaments (cont’d)

Remember This!
• During muscle contraction

– sarcomeres and myofibrils shorten
– myofilaments do not change in length

Thick and Thin Filaments

Remember This!
Levels of Skeletal Muscle Organization
• Muscle
• Fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers)
• Muscle fiber (muscle cell)
• Myofibril (bundle of myofilaments)
• Myofilament (stands of contractile proteins)
• Contractile protein
smallest

Muscle Contraction

Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

Muscle Contraction and Relaxation (cont’d)

Muscle Relaxation
• Relaxation is the reverse of contraction

– Acetylcholine release stops
– Nicotinic receptor channels close and sarcolemma
repolarizes
– SR calcium channels close; Ca2+ ions taken into SR
– Tropomyosin covers binding sites
– Myosin no longer binds actin; sarcomere returns
to resting length

Muscle Energy Production
• ATP stores energy in chemical bond used by muscles

ATP + H2O  ADP + H2O + PO4 + Energy
• Glycolosis is the fastest method of generating ATP from

nutrients.
• Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose and fatty acid

molecules.

Muscle Energy Production (cont’d)

Remember This!
• ATP binding causes the cross-bridge to release. The

energy from ATP cleavage is necessary for the power
stroke.

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Muscle Function
Aerobic muscle function Anaerobic muscle function
Glycolitic fibers provide quick

Mitochondria provide ATP
energy kick
Oxygen is required Oxygen is not required
Jogging = endurance activity Lactic acid leads to fatigue

Remember This!
• The terms anaerobic metabolism and glycolysis are

often used synonymously, but erroneously.
Glycolysis is the necessary first step in both aerobic
metabolism and anaerobic metabolism.

Muscle Fiber Types

Muscle Energy Metabolism

Muscle Fatigue
• Muscle fatigue: loss of the ability to respond to nerve

stimulation after vigorous exercise
– Peripheral
– Central

Mechanics of Muscle Contraction

Mechanics of Muscle Contraction (cont’d)

Remember This!
• In an everyday contraction at a given fiber length,

contraction of individual muscle fibers is all-or-none, as
the fiber contracts in incomplete tetanus.

Mechanics of Muscle Contraction
• The force an individual muscle exerts depends on

– The force exerted by each contracting fiber
– The number of motor units contracting

Types of Contractions
• Isotonic contraction: dynamic shortening of muscle
tissue that maintains constant force; e.g., chewing food
• Concentric contraction: myofilaments slide;
sarcomeres, fibers, muscles shorten; movement occurs;
e.g., biceps curl
• Eccentric contraction: myosin heads grab actin
filaments to slow movement; e.g., lowering weight
• Isometric contraction: force is generated and muscle
tenses, but myofibrils do not slide and length is
unchanged; e.g., maintaining upright body posture

Types of Contractions (cont’d)

Remember This!
• The thing common to all muscle contraction is force,

not movement.

Smooth Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscles

• Have short, plump cells • Have long, thin cells (fibers)
• Built on intermediate • Built in bundles; have length-
filaments tension relationship
• Connected by dense bodies • Anchored by Z disc
• Layered in sheets, so can • Have striations
stretch in many directions
• Ca++ ions come through cell • Ca++ ions come from SR and
membrane and regulate T-tubules; control access to
myosin, not actin binding sites

Remember This!
• Intermediate filaments form the scaffolding of a

smooth muscle cell, and myofilaments contract the
cell.
• The myosin heads are regulated in smooth muscle;
the binding sites on actin molecules are regulated in
skeletal muscle.

Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle Regulation

Origin and Insertion

Superficial Muscles, Anterior View

Superficial Muscles, Posterior View

Muscles of Facial Expression

Muscles Controlling the Jaw and Moving
the Head

Muscles Controlling the Jaw and Moving
the Head (cont’d)

Muscles of the Thorax

Muscles of the Thorax (cont’d)

Muscles of the Thorax (cont’d)

Muscles of the Perineum

Muscles that Move and Stabilize the
Pectoral Girdle

Muscles that Move the Arm (Humerus) at
the Shoulder Joint

Muscles that Move the Arm (Humerus) at
the Shoulder Joint (cont’d)

Muscles that Move the Forearm, Hand,
and Fingers

and Fingers (cont’d)

and Fingers (cont’d)

Muscles that Move the Thigh and Leg

Muscles that Move the Thigh and Leg
(cont’d)

Muscles that Move the Thigh and Leg,
(cont’d)

Muscles that Move the Foot and Toes

(cont’d)

(cont’d)

Chapter 7: Muscles

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Chapter 7: Muscles

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• The word muscle can refer to an organ or a tissue

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Muscles convert chemical energy into mechanical force:

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Striated Yes Yes No

Contraction Quick Quick Slow

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Adult muscle stem cells are called satellite cells;

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• An electrical signal in the somatic motor neuron

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• During muscle contraction

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Relaxation is the reverse of contraction

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• ATP stores energy in chemical bond used by muscles

• Glycolosis is the fastest method of generating ATP from

• Mitochondria generate ATP from glucose and fatty acid

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• ATP binding causes the cross-bridge to release. The

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Aerobic muscle function Anaerobic muscle function

Glycolitic fibers provide quick

Oxygen is required Oxygen is not required

Jogging = endurance activity Lactic acid leads to fatigue

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• The terms anaerobic metabolism and glycolysis are

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Muscle fatigue: loss of the ability to respond to nerve

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• In an everyday contraction at a given fiber length,

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• The force an individual muscle exerts depends on

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• The thing common to all muscle contraction is force,

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscles

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

• Intermediate filaments form the scaffolding of a

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins