CARPENTRY

• Carpentry- an art or science

• Woodworking- a skill
 Classification of Hand Tools
a. Measuring
b. Marking Lining
c. Edge Cutting
d. Testing
e. Tooth Cutting
f. Boring
g. Holding
A. Measuring
1. Pull-Push Rule -
flexible tape that slides
into a material case
2. Ruler - it is used to
take/make simple
measurements.
3. Meter Stick - 1
meter
4. Try Square -
squareness.
5. Caliper - diameter
B. Marking
1. Pencil - layout or mark
cutting lines.
2. Marking Gauge - mark a
line parallel to the grain of
the wood.
3. Chalk Line - straight line
4. Divider - to lay-out an arc
circle or step off division
on a line.
5. Compass - scribe arcs and
circle in a metal wood.
C. Edge Cutting D. Testing
1. Chisel - trim and shape
1. Try Square - squareness
wood.
2. Plane - a smooth and 2. Steel Square - roof
flat surface. framing and large
3. Spoke shave - small furniture.
plane like tool from 3. Spirit Level - horizontal
irregularly shaped surfaces.
objects. 4. Plumb bob - vertical
4. Cabinet scraper - surfaces
rectangular piece of steel
with two cutting edges
used for working flat
and curved shapes
E. Boring F. Holding
1. Auger bit - tool used 1. C-Clamp - used for
to make hole in holding together pieces
woods. of lumber while
2. Expansive bit - tool working.
used to drill holes of 2. Bench Vise - used to
various sizes in hold any materials or
woods. tools in place
3. Drill Bit - tool used 3. Bar Clamp - used to
for boring holes either hold large boards or
in metals, woods or frames together while
plastics. assembling or gluing.
• Tooth Cutting Tools
1. Back Saw – making wood joint.
2. Coping Saw – irregular shape and curves
3. Crosscut Saw – across the grain
4. Hack Saw – cut metal
5. Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle shape in
wood.
6. Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber
7. Rip Saw – along the grain
8. Dovetail saw-Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a
straight chisel type handle ; cut very fine joints
 DRIVING TOOLS
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out
nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to
drive other tools like chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a
finishing nail below the surface of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws
Wood Lathe Machine
An equipment use to form wood by mean of
turning.
PARTS OF WOOD
outermost layer

Generative tissues

Living cells

Accumulated dead cells

Medulla;inner
 Types of Woods
1. LUMBER 2. Yard Lumber
Softwood Select grade-lumber of good
appearance that can take
(coniferous, 20%)
different finishes such as
Hardwood stain, paint, and enamel.
(deciduous trees, 6-12%) Common grade– suitable
for rough carpentry. It
is not of finishing
quality (eg. Coco
Lumber)
3. Manufactured wood
– Also called man-made wood, this are timber sheets which
are produced by gluing wood layers or wood fibers
together.

•Wood veneer –thin slices of wood

•Plywood – a sheet material from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer
•Pressed wood or Fiber wood –Medium-density fiber (MDF), made
from woodchips
•Particle board – also known as Low-density fiber (LDF) or chipboard.
It’s cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional wood
and plywood 
•Laminated wood – logs are processed by sawmilling and drying
Lumbers are sold following the description:
Surfaced two side or S2S – planed or smooth on 2 sides.
Surfaced four side or S4S – planed or smooth on 4 sides.
Surfaced in two side and one edge or S3S – board has been
surfaced S2S first, then one edge is ripped straight.
Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes exact dimension
in T, W, L.
Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually lessened in actual
size by about 3/8 of an inch.
Board foot (unit measurement of lumber)

• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board
feet.
 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
 (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
Php 616.00
Common Wood Joints
1. Dado Joint (across the grain) Groove
that runs on board, commonly use
for making cabinets and
bookshelves.
2. Rabbet Joint (along the grain) Lap joint
Commonly used for making frames
to hold glasses in drawers and other
cabinetwork.
3. Mortise and Tenon (force fitting)
Oldest and strongest kind of wood
joint. This is considered best for
quality chairs, tables and benches.
4. Miter Joint Uses 45 degrees angle
cut, intended for making frames.
5. Butt Joint- simple and easiest. Rabbet joint

Mortise and Tenon Miter joint Butt joint

• WOODWORKING METHODS
• DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Purpose
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment
5. Prepare drawings
6. Make prototype
 Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries
Girder – principal beam
an end portion of header. extending from wall to wall.

Flooring – tongue and groove board

which is most common of
wood flooring materials.

Sill – rest horizontally

upon the foundation

Floor joist
placed on the girders where the floor
boards are fastened

Header – Short transverse joist that supports the

end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
• Roof System
1. Shed or Lean-to-Roof – Simplest
form of roof consisting of one single
slope.
2. Gable or Pitch Roof – Most
common type and economical form
of roof
3. Hip Roof – Common form used in
modern houses
4. Hip and Valley Roof – Combination
of hip roof and an intersecting gable
roof forming T or L shaped building.
5. Pyramid Roof – Modification of hip
roof
6. Gambrel Roof – Modification of the
gable roof with each side having
two slopes.
7. Dome – Hemispherical form of roof
Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and
stiffen the structure spacing
1. Girts – the structural member that supports the
rafters or truss of a building.
2. Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite
sides of roof.
3. Purlins – the structural member placed on top of
the rafter or top chord of a truss that support the
roofing materials.
The Stairs
 Common Parts of a Stair
Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Riser Vertical face of stair step.
Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair
Run
flight.
Landing Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
Well Place occupied by flight of stairs
Well Hole Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.
Stair Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair
Headroom tread to any overhead construction.
Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
Winders Steps not parallel with each other
• The length of the Stringer could be
determined by either the use of Pythagorean
theorem or by actual measurement.
Formula:
L = (rise)^2 + (run)^2
L= length of the stringer
rise = height of the flight of the stairs.
run = horizontal distance from the first to the
last riser of the stair flight.