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Piezo
Piezo
Piezo
1
Energy
Harvesting
Piezoelectricity
Thermoelectricity
2
Energy Harvesting
3
Energy Harvesting
Source Harvested Power
Vibra>on (efficiency: up to 50 % )
Human 4 μW/cm2
Industrial 100 μW/cm2
Heat
(efficienc 30 μW/cm2
y: up to
10 % ) 1810 mW/cm2
human
industrial 10 μW/cm2
Light 10 mW/cm2
(efficienc
y: up to
40 % ) 0.1 μW/cm2
Indoor 1 μW/cm2
outdoor
RF
(efficien 4
cy: up
Energy
Harvesting
Piezoelectricity
Thermoelectricity
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Vibration Transduction Mechanisms
Piezoelectric
Strain in piezoelectric
material causes a CapaciDve ElectromagneDc
charge Change in capacitance RelaDve moDon of a
causes either voltage or magneDc mass causes
separaDon (voltage
across capacitor) charge current in a coil
increase
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+
− Piezoelectric Effect
Discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie during studies into the
effect of pressure on the generaDon of electrical charge by crystals.
I
I I (+) I
−− − (+) (−)
(−) + +
+++ + −− − +++ +
−
− − − − − − − −
(+) (−) (+)
++ + ++ +
(−)
Direct piezoelectric effect Converse piezoelectric effect
−
− −
(+)
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Piezoelectric Conversion
D = dT +
eE
D = electric displacement [C/m ]2
d = piezoelectric coefficient
[C/N] T = stress [N/m2]
= permittivity [F/m]
E = electric field [V/m]
Piezoelectric Materials
Rochelle Salt was the first material discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity
sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO3] potassium bitartrate [KHC4H4O6] Potassium sodium tartrate [KNaC4H4O6·∙4H2O ]
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Applications
Actuator
(electrical to mechanical)
Power source
(mechanical to electrical)
Paper-‐based
Grill lighter Energy harvesDng piezoresisDve force sensor
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Piezoelectric Lighter
1. Observe sparks
2. Connect to LED
Mechanical shock is
converted to electricity
Breakdown voltage
in air???
A small, spring8powered hammer rise off the surface of the piezo crystal strikes the
crystal as the gas is turned on. The impact creates a large voltage across the crystal,
and therefore a spark between the wires, which ignites the gas.
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Piezoelectric Buzzer
1. Observe movements
2. Connect to LED
3. Connect to FuncDon Gen.
4. Connect to Tone Gen. Extended state
(+)
AC Voltage applied
(−)
Photograph of piezoelectric elements of a contact microphone
removed due to copyright restrictions.
Refer to: Photograph on Wikimedia Commons. shrunk state
(−)
(+)
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Atomic Force Microscope
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Van der Waals Force
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Piezoelectric printer
Energy
Harvesting
Piezoelectricity
Thermoelectricity
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Heat Transduction Mechanisms
Thermoelectric
Direct conversion of
temperature differences to Heat Engine
System that performs the
electric voltage (Seebeck) conversion of heat
and vice versa (PelDer) or
thermal
energy to
mechanical work
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Thermoelectric Effect
• Direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage (Seebeck) and vice versa (PelDer)
• Module contains n and p8type doped semiconductor connected electrically in series and thermally in
parallel
• Charge carriers diffuse due to temperature difference and moDon of charge carriers results in an
electrical current
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Figure of
Merit SEMI-
INSULATORS CONDUCTORS SEMIMETALS
METALS
Carrier concentration
Seebeck Electrical
coefficient conducDvity
Terminal S, σ, and k that we measure are average values.
3.5 1
3.0
0.
6 BiSb PbT
Discovery of e
1.5
Compounds with
0.
1.0 ZT < 1 4
Bi2Te3
0.5 0.
Bi2Te3 and alloys with Sb, Se 2
0.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Yea 1200
r
Temperature (K)
ZT was less than 1 for a long Dme Room Temperature
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Heat Sources
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Thermoelectricity Generator
Q
Heat Source
THot
TEG
TEG
HS
Sink
TCold
Devices convert heat directly into electrical energy. The typical efficiencies are
around 5810%. And the most common material is bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)
semiconductor p8n juncDons with thicknesses in the millimeter range.
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Applications
(PelDer) (Seebeck)
Watch
Seat Cooling/
HeaDng
Exhaust Pipe
Wine
Cooler
Water Pipe
Laser Pulse
Cooling Oximeter
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How much energy can you generate from waste
heat in engines?
Driveshaft
Coolant
Lines
Electric Bypass
Pump Valve
Electrical
Connections
Underfloor
Catalyst
TEG
Flex Couplings
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How much energy can you generate from waste heat in engines? Answer: 300 W
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Thermoelectric Cooler
1. Take it apart
2. Measure resistance of TE module
3. Measure Seebeck coefficient of TE module
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Conclusions
Seebeck Electrical
coefficient conducDvity
D = electric displacement [C/m2]
EE
d = piezoelectric coefficient
[C/N] T = stress [N/m2]
= permittivity [F/m] S 2
E = electric field [V/m] ZT T
thermal conducDvity
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