INTRODUCTION TO SEIMIC EFFECT ON

STRUCTURES

BY: YOUSSEF ELRAFEI

HEAD OF STRUCTURAL DEPARTEMENT
ECG-ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS GROUP
 SEIMIC ANALYSIS
28-7-2017

BY: YOUSSEF ELRAFEI

ENGINEERING BUSINESS UNIT DIRECTOR

ECG-ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS GROUP

 Table of Content
Subject
Earthquake Source and Intensity
How Are Earthquake Magnitudes Measured?
Definition of Earthquake Effect on Structures
Example for Some Earthquake Effects
Concept Design of Seismic Design
Lateral Loads Resisting Systems
Seismic Response Spectrum Analysis According to ECP 201
Ductile Reinforcement Detailing According to ECP 201
Seismic Strengthening Methods
Non Structural Components Seismic Detailing
Earthquake Source and Intensity
Major Tectonic Plates
SEISMIC HAZARD MAP-RED SEA AREA
 Seismic sources
• Movements of tectonic plates
• Movements of faults
• Volcanoes
• Failure of roof of large cave.
• Mankind effect (explosion, fill and infill of dams,
etc.)
• Undefined reasons
?How Are Earthquake Magnitudes Measured
• The Mercalli Scale
– The first way to measure the strength of an earthquake is to use the
Mercalli scale, invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, this scale uses
the observations of the people who experienced the earthquake to
estimate its intensity
Mercalli Equivalent
Intensity Richter Witness Observations
Magnitude
I 1.0 to 2.0 Felt by very few people; barely noticeable.
II 2.0 to 3.0 Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors.
Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an
III 3.0 to 4.0
earthquake.
IV 4.0 Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. May feel like heavy truck passing by.
Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. Small objects moved. trees and
V 4.0 to 5.0
poles may shake.
Felt by everyone. Difficult to stand. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls.
VI 5.0 to 6.0
Chimneys may be slightly damaged.
Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. Considerable damage to
VII 6.0
poorly built structures. Some walls may fall.
Little damage in specially built structures. Considerable damage to ordinary
VIII 6.0 to 7.0
buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. Some walls collapse.
Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations.
IX 7.0
Ground cracked noticeably. Wholesale destruction. Landslides.
Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. Ground badly
X 7.0 to 8.0
cracked. Landslides. Wholesale destruction.
Total damage. Few, if any, structures standing. Bridges destroyed. Wide cracks in
XI 8.0
ground. Waves seen on ground.
XII 8.0 or greater Total damage. Waves seen on ground. Objects thrown up into air.
• The Richter Scale
– The magnitude of most earthquakes is measured on the
Richter scale, invented by Charles F. Richter in 1934. The
Richter magnitude is calculated from the amplitude of the
largest seismic wave recorded for the earthquake, no matter
what type of wave was the strongest.
 Earthquake Magnitude Scale
Magnitude Earthquake Effects Estimated Number
Each Year
Usually not felt, but can be
2.5 or less 10,000
recorded by seismograph.
Often felt, but only causes
2.5 to 5.4 1,000
minor damage.
Slight damage to buildings
5.5 to 6.0 100
and other structures.
May cause a lot of damage
6.1 to 6.9 50
in very populated areas.
Major earthquake. Serious
7.0 to 7.9 2
damage.

Great earthquake. Can

8.0 or greater totally destroy communities One every 5 to 10 years
near the epicenter.
Definition of Earthquake Effect on Structures
 Classification of earthquakes
• Eearthquakes are classified as:
• Deep focus earthquakes: 
– Focal depth > 300 Km 
• Intermediate focus earthquakes: 
– 300 Km > Focal depth > 70 Km 
• Shallow focus earthquakes: 
– Focal depth < 70 Km
Behaviour of building during the EQ
Example for Some Earthquake Effects
Concept Design of Seismic Design
CONCEPT OF PERFORMANCE BASED
DESIGN
 CODE BASED DESIGN

Earthquake Probability
.

10% in 50 Years

Conforming
Seismic Resistance

Non-Conforming
 PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN

Frequent Rare Very Rare

Medium Large Enormous

Operational
Code Design
Occupancy Essential Buildings
Life Safe
Before Collapse
Collapse
Code Design
Ordinary Buildings
Lateral Loads Resisting Systems
1. Moment Resisting Frames 2. Shear walls (t > 5b)
4. Core 3. Shear wall and frames
5. Braced Frames 6. Dual System
7. Tube Structure 8. Tube in tube Structure
Seismic Response Spectrum Analysis According to
ECP 201
 Methods to calculate EQ load
• Depending on the structural characteristics of the
building, one of the following methods may be used for
calculating seismic effects:

Simplified modal response spectrum method (Equivalent static Method)

Multi-Modal response spectrum method

Time History Analysis

For all types of buildings not meeting the regularity criteria
Simplified Modal Response Spectrum Method
(Equivalent static force method)
SEISMOLOGY OF EGYPT
 Design Loads for an Earthquake
W
Fb  S d (T1 )..
g

Structural design load (W) (code 8-7-1-7)

  W=D.L.+ 0.25 L.L for residential buildings.

W=D.L.+ 0.5 L.L.  for common buildings, malls, schools

W=D.L.+ L.L.  for silos, tanks, stores, libraries, garages

Distribution of the earthquake lateral load (Fb)
W4
F4
W3
F3

W2 Z4
F2
Z3 Z
W1 2

F1
Z1

Fb

 Wi z i  Note: Z is measured
Fi   .Fb from the top of the
  j1,n ( Wjz j )  foundation
Over turning moment
W4
F4
W3
F3

W2
F2 Z4

W1 Z3 Z2
F1
Z1

Fb
B
Mover turning= SFi Zi Mresisting= W. B/2

Fsaftey= Mr/Mot ≥ 1.5

Torsion due to EQ
Load combination
Ductile Reinforcement Detailing According to
ECP 201
Lo is equal to the larger of:
• One sixth of the column clear
height (>= H/6)
• The longer side of column cross
section (.= column thickness)
• 500 mm

Distance between stirrups within

Lo = So
So is the minimum of :
= 8* min longitudinal
bar diameter
= 24 stirrups diameter
= 0.5 column width
= 150 mm
Seismic Strengthening Methods
Non Structural Components Seismic Detailing
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
PIPING AND DUCTWORK
ARCHITECTURAL
MAIN POINTS TO BE CHECKED IN EVALUATION OF SEISMIC EFFECT ON STRUCTURES

- ZONE FACTOR

- SOIL STRATIFICATIONS / PARAMETERS

- STRUCTURAL SYSTEM / R - FACTOR

- VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL IRREGULARITY

- BUILDING IMPORTANCE FACTOR

- STORY DRIFT

- DUCTLE DETAILING

- SHORT COLUMNS

- WEAK FLOOR

- EXPANSION JOINTS WIDTH / BOUNDING EFFECT

- LOSS OF SUPPORT

- NON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CONNECTIONS

THANK YOU